General Works

Karen Olsen Bruhns, Ancient South America (1994).

Karen Olsen Bruhns and Karen E. Stothert, Women in Ancient America (1999).

Michael D. Coe, Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs (4th ed., 1994).

Michael Coe, Dean Snow, and Elizabeth Benson, Atlas of Ancient America (1986).

Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (1997).

Thomas D. Dillehay, The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory (2000).

E. James Dixon, Quest for the Origins of the First Americans (1993).

Roger Downey, Riddle of the Bones: Politics, Science, Race, and the Story of Kennewick Man (2000).

Brian M. Fagan, The Journey from Eden: The Peopling of Our World (1990).

Brian M. Fagan, Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (1991).

Brian M. Fagan, Kingdoms of Gold, Kingdoms of Jade: The Americas before Columbus (1991).

Stuart J. Fiedel, Prehistory of the Americas (2nd ed., 1992).

Tim Flannery, The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America and Its Peoples (2001).

Robert L. Hall, An Archaeology of the Soul: North American Indian Belief and Ritual (1997).

David Henige, Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate (1998).

Francis Jennings, The Founders of America: How Indians Discovered the Land . . . (1993).

Jesse D. Jennings, ed., Ancient North Americans (1983).

Alvin M. Josephy Jr., America in 1492: The World of the Indian Peoples before the Arrival of Columbus (1992).

Shepard Krech III, The Ecological Indian: Myth and History (1999).

David Hurst Thomas, Skull Wars: Kennewick Man, Archaeology, and the Battle for Native American Identity (2000).

Richard Townsend, ed., The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred Landscapes (1992).

Frederick Hadleigh West, ed., American Beginnings: The Prehistory and Palaeoecology of Beringia (1996).

North American Cultures

Mary J. Adair, Prehistoric Agriculture in the Central Plains (1988).

Kenneth M. Ames and Herbert D. G. Maschner, Peoples of the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory (1999).

David G. Anderson, The Savannah River Chiefdoms: Political Change in the Late Prehistoric Southeast (1994).

Alex W. Barker and Timothy R. Pauketat, eds., Lords of the Southwest: Social Inequality and the Native Elites of Southeastern North America (1992).

Timothy G. Baugh and Jonathon E. Ericson, eds., Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America (1994).

John Howard Blitz, Ancient Chiefdoms of the Tombigbee (1993).

Linda S. Cordell, Prehistory of the Southwest (1984).

Linda S. Cordell and George R. Gumerman, eds., Dynamics of Southwest Prehistory (1989).

David Damas, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 5, Arctic (1984).

Warren L. D'Azevedo, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, Great Basin (1986).

Richard J. Dent, Jr., Chesapeake Prehistory: Old Traditions, New Directions (1995).

E. James Dixon, Bones, Boats, and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America (1999).

Don Dumond, Eskimos and Aleuts (2nd ed., 1987).

Thomas E. Emerson and R. Barry Lewis, eds., Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest (1991).

Thomas E. Emerson et al., eds., Late Woodland Societies: Tradition and Transformation across the Midcontinent (2000).

Brian M. Fagan, The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America (1987).

William Fitzhugh, ed., Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska (1988).

William W. Fitzhugh and Valerie Chaussonnet, eds., Anthropology of the North Pacific Rim (1994).

Franklin Folsom, Black Cowboy: The Life and Legend of George McJunkin (1992).

Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell, eds., Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave to the World (1992).

Kendrick Frazier, People of Chaco: A Canyon and Its Cultures (1986).

George C. Frison, Prehistoric Hunters of the High Plains (2nd ed., 1991).

George Gumerman, A View from Black Mesa (1984).

George Gumerman, ed., Themes in Southwest Prehistory (1994).

Robert F. Heizer, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8, California (1978).

Juen Helm, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 6, Subarctic (1981).

R. Douglas Hurt, Indian Agriculture in America: Prehistory to the Present (1987).

Barry L. Isaac, ed., Prehistoric Economies of the Pacific Northwest Coast (1988).

Sissel Johannessen and Christine A. Hastorf, eds., Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World (1994).

Roger G. Kennedy, Hidden Cities: The Discovery and Loss of Ancient North American Civilization (1994).

Ruth Kirk, Hunters of the Whale (1975).

Theodora Kroeber, Ishi in Two Worlds (1965).

Steven A. LeBlanc, The Mimbres People: Ancient Pueblo Potters of the American Southwest (1983).

Steven A. LeBlanc, Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest (1999).

Stephen H. Lekson, The Chaco Meridian: Centers of Political Power in the Ancient Southwest (1999).

Mary Ann Levine et al., eds., The Archaeological Northeast (1999).

Ronald J. Mason, Great Lakes Archaeology (1981).

R. G. Matson, The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture (1991).

William E. McGoun, Prehistoric Peoples of South Florida (1993).

Jerald T. Milanich, Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida (1994).

Claudia G. Mink, Cahokia: City of the Sun: Prehistoric Urban Center in the American Bottom (1992).

Michael J. Moratto, California Archaeology (1984).

William N. Morgan, Precolumbian Architecture in Eastern North America (1999).

Jon Muller, Archaeology of the Lower Ohio Valley (1986).

Alfonso Ortiz, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 9, Southwest (1979)

Alfonso Ortiz, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 10, Southwest (1983).

Timothy R. Pauketat, The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America (1994).

Timothy R. Pauketat and Thomas E. Emerson, eds., Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World (2000).

Jefferson Reid and Stephanie Whittlesley, The Archaeology of Ancient Arizona (1997).

Karl H. Schlesier, Plains Indians, a.d. 500-1500: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups (1994).

Lynne Sebastian, The Chaco Anasazi: Sociopolitical Evolution in the Prehistoric Southwest (1992).

Lynda Shaffer, Native Americans before 1492: The Moundbuilding Centers of the Eastern Woodlands (1992).

Bruce D. Smith, ed., The Mississippian Emergence (1990).

Dean Snow, The Archaeology of New England (1980).

Katherine A. Spielmann, Interdependence in the Prehistoric Southwest: An Ecological Analysis of Plain-Pueblo Interaction (1991).

Kenneth B. Tankersley and Barry L. Isaan, eds., Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America (1990).

Bruce G. Trigger, The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660 (1972).

Bruce G. Trigger, Natives and Newcomers (1985).

Bruce G. Trigger and Wilcomb E. Washburn, eds., The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: North America (1996).

J. A. Tuck, Onondaga Iroquois Prehistory (1971).

Christy G. Turner II and Jacqueline A. Turner, Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest (1999).

William Snyder Webb, The Adena People (1974).

Randolph J. Widmer, The Evolution of the J. Widmer, The Evolution of the om on the Southwest Florida Coast (1988).

Biloine Whiting Young and Melvin L. Fowler, Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis (1999).

The Mexica

Philip P. Arnold, Eating Landscape: Aztec and European Occupation of Tlalocan (1999).

Frances Berdan, The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society (1982).

Elizabeth Hill Boone, Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztecs and Mixtecs (2000).

Daviod Carrasco, City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization (1999).

David Carrasco, Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition (1992).

David Carrasco et al., eds., Mesoamerica's Classic Heritage: From Teotihuacan to the Aztecs (2000).

Inga Clendinnen, Aztecs: An Interpretation (1991).

Marty W. Eubanks, Corn in Clay: Maize Paleoethnobotany in Pre-Columbian Art (1999).

Brian M. Fagan, The Aztecs (1984).

Ross Hassig, War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica (1992).

Richard F. Townsend, The Aztecs (1992).

Bruce G. Trigger, ed., The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas: Mesoamerica (2000).

Muriel Porter Weaver, The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors: Archaeology of Mesoamerica (1981).

Chapter 2. Europeans and the New World, 1492-1600

General Works

Richard Boyer and Geoffrey Spurling, eds., Colonial Lives: Documents on Latin American History, 1550-1850 (2000).

Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (1972).

Zvi Dor-Ner, Columbus and the Age of Discovery (1991).

J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New, 1462-1650 (1970).

Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229-1492 (1987).

D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America (1986).

Samuel E. Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, a.d.500-1600 (1971).

Samuel E. Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, a.d. 1492-1616 (1974).

William D. Phillips and Carla Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus (1992).

David B. Quinn, North America from Earliest Discovery to First Settlements (1977).

David B. Quinn, ed., New American World: A Documentary History of North America to 1612, 5 vols. (1970).

A. J. R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move (1998).

Frank Solomon and Stuart Schwartz, eds., The Cambridge History of the Native Populations of the Americas: South America (2000).

Hugh Thomas, Conquest: Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico (1993).

John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1680 (1992).

David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (1992).

Explorers and Empires

Charles Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (1969).

Miles H. Davidson, Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined (1997).

Jan De Vries, The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750 (1976).

William Eccles, Canadian Frontier, 1534-1760 (1969).

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony (1984).

Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (1992).

John Lynch, Spain, 1516-1598: From Nation State to World Empire (1992).

Harry A. Miskimin, The Economy of Later Renaissance Europe, 1460-1600 (1977).

John H. Parry, The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1966).

David B. Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 1481-1620 (1974).

David B. Quinn, Set Fair for Roanoke (1985).

David B. Quinn, ed., North American Discovery, 1000-1612 (1971).

Carl O. Sauer, Sixteenth-Century North America: The Land and the People as Seen by the Europeans (1971).

A.C. de C. M. Saunders, A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555 (1982).

Roger C. Smith, Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus (1993).

Robert S. Weddle, The Gulf of Mexico in North American Discovery, 1500-1685 (1985).

Europeans Encounter the New World

James Axtell, Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (1992).

Robert F. Berkhofer Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present (1978).

Philip P. Boucher, Cannibal Encounters: Europeans and Island Caribs, 1492-1763 (1992).

Nicholas Canny and Anthony Pagden, Colonial Identity in the Atlantic World, 1500-1800 (1987).

Rebecca Catz, Christopher Columbus and the Portuguese, 1476-1498 (1993)

Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (1986).

Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds, and Animals: Studies in Ecological History (1994).

William W. Fitzhugh, ed., Cultures in Contact: The Impact of European Contacts on Native American Cultural Institutions, 1000-1800 (1985).

Valerie J. Flint, The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus (1992).

Anthony Grafton, New Worlds, Ancient Texts: The Power of Tradition and the Shock of Discovery (1992).

David Henige, In Search of Columbus: The Sources for the First Voyage (1991).

Peter Hulme, Colonial Encounters: Europe and the Native Caribbean, 1492-1797 (1986).

Peter Hulme and Neil L. Whitehead, eds., Wild Majesty: Encounters with Caribs from Columbus to the Present Day (1992).

William F. Keegan, The People Who Discovered Columbus: An Introduction to the Prehistory of the Bahamas (1992).

Anthony Pagden, The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology (1981).

Anthony Pagden, European Encounters with the New World: From Renaissance to Romanticism (1993).

Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the World: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain, and France, 1500-1800 (1995).

Irving Rouse, The Tainos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus (1992).

David Hurst Thomas, ed., Columbian Consequences, 3 vols. (1991).

Samuel M. Wilson, Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus (1990).

Conquest and New Spain

Ida Altman, Emigrants and Society: Extramadura and Spanish America in the Sixteenth Century (1989).

Gary Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention (1999).

Kenneth J. Andrien and Rolena Adorno, eds., Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century (1991).

Frances Berdan, The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society (1982).

Peter J. Blackwell, Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, 1546-1700 (1971).

Peter J. Blackwell, Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosí, 1545-1650 (1984).

Frederick P. Bowser, The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650 (1974).

Gordon Brotherston, Image of the New World: The American Continent Portrayed in Native Texts (1979).

Louise M. Burkhart, The Slippery Earth: Nahua-Christian Moral Dialogue in Sixteenth-Century Mexico (1989).

Inga Clendinnen, Aztecs: An Interpretation (1991).

Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650 (1998).

Kathleen A. Deegan, ed., America's Ancient City: Spanish St. Augustine, 1565-1763 (1991).

Charles Gibson, Spain in America (1966).

Serge Gruzinski, The Conquest of Mexico: The Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World, Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries (1993).

Ramon A. Gutierrez, When Jesus Came, The Corn Mothers Went Away: Marriage, Sexuality, and Power in New Mexico, 1500-1846 (1991).

Lewis Hanke, All Mankind Is One: A Study of the Disputation between Bartolomé de Las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in 1550 on the Intellectual and Religious Capacity of the American Indians (1974).

Robert T. Himmerich, The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555 (1991).

Paul E. Hoffman, A New Andulacía and a Way to the Orient: The American Southeast during the Sixteenth Century (1990).

David A. Howard, Conquistador in Chains: Cabeza de Vaca and the Indians of the Americas (1997).

Robert H. Jackson, Race, Caste, and Status: Indians in Colonial Spanish America (1999).

Robert H. Jackson, ed., Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (1995).

Kenneth F. Kiple and Stephen V. Beck, eds., Biological Consequences of European Expansion, 1450-1800 (1997).

Andrew L. Knaut, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680: Conquest and Resistance in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico (1995).

James Lang, Conquest and Commerce: Spain and England in the Americas (1975).

Clark Spencer Larsen and George R. Milner, eds., In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest (1994).

Bartolomé de Las Casas, In Defense of the Indians, trans. Stafford Poole (1974).

Miguel Leon-Portilla, ed., The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico (1962).

James Lockhart, The Nahuas after Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth through Eighteenth Centuries (1992).

James Lockhart, ed., We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico (1993).

James Lockhart and Stuart B. Schwartz, Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil (1983).

James Lockhart and Enrique Otte, eds., Letters and People of the Spanish Indies: Sixteenth Century (1976).

Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700 (1984).

Sabine McCormack, Religion in the Andes: Vision and Imagination in Early Colonial Peru (1991).

Bonnie G. McEwan, The Spanish Missions of La Florida (1993).

Jerald T. Milanich, Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe (1995).

Jerald T. Milanich, ed., Earliest Hispanic/Native American Interactions in the American Southeast (1991).

Jerald T. Milanich and Charles Hudson, Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida (1993).

Jerald T. Milanich and Susan Milrath, eds., First Encounters: Spanish Explorations in the Caribbean and the United States (1989).

Kenneth Mills and William B. Taylor, eds., Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History (1998).

Colin A. Palmer, Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650 (1976).

Carroll L. Riley, Rio del Norte: People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt (1995).

Susan Schroeder, Native Resistance and the Pax Colonial in New Spain (1998).

Robert Silverberg, The Pueblo Revolt (1994).

Steve J. Stern, Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest: Huamanga to 1640 (1982).

David Hurst Thomas, ed., Ethnology of the Indians of Spanish Florida (1991).

David Hurst Thomas, ed., The Missions of Spanish Florida (1991).

General Works

Kenneth R. Andrews, Trade, Plunder, and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire (1984).

David Armitage, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire (2000).

Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. The Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire (1991).

Robert M. Bliss, Revolution and Empire: English Politics and the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (1990).

K. G. Davies, The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century (1974).

Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman, eds., A Historical Guide to World Slavery (1998).

Betty Fussell, The Story of Corn (1992).

Alison Games, Migration and the Origins of the English Atlantic World (1999).

C. Dallett Hemphill, Bowing to Necessity: A History of Manners in America, 1620-1860 (1999).

Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes towards the Negro, 1550-1812 (1968).

Allan Kulikoff, From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers (2000).

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Indians and English: Facing Off in Early America (2000).

John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607-1789 (1985).

Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975).

Marianne S. Wokeck, Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America (1999).

Indians

James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (1985).

James Axtell, The Indians' New South: Cultural Change in the Colonial Southeast (1997).

Philip L. Barbour, Pocahontas and Her World (1970).

Kathryn E. Holland Braund, Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685-1815 (1993).

Wesley Frank Craven, White Red, and Black: The Seventeenth-Century Virginian (1971).

Frederic W. Gleach, Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures (1997).

Edward G. Gray, New World Babel: Languages and Nations in Early America (1999).

Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, eds., The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521-1704 (1994).

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of English and Indian Cultures in America, 1580-1640 (1981).

J. A. Leo Lemay, Did Pocahantas Save Captain John Smith? (1992).

James H. Merrell, The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (1989).

Michael Leroy Oberg, Dominion and Civility: Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685 (1999).

Helen C. Rountree, The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture (1989).

Helen C. Rountree, Pocahantas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia through Four Centuries (1990).

Helen C. Rountree, ed., Powhatan Foreign Relations, 1500-1722 (1993).

Helen C. Rountree and Thomas E. Davidson, Eastern Shore Indians of Virginia and Maryland (1997).

Bernard W. Sheehan, Savagism and Civility: Indians and Englishmen in Colonial Virginia (1980).

Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (1990).

Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, eds., Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast (1989).

Chesapeake Society

Philip L. Barbour, ed., The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, 3 vols. (1986).

Warren M. Billings, John E. Selby, and Thad W. Tate, Colonial Virginia: A History (1986).

Carl Bridenbaugh, Jamestown, 1544-1699 (1980).

Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (1996).

Lois Green Carr, Russell R. Menard, and Lorena S. Walsh, Robert Cole's World: Agriculture and Society in Early Maryland (1991).

Lois Green Carr, Philip D. Morgan, and Jean B. Russo, eds., Colonial Chesapeake Society (1988).

James Deetz, Flowerdew Hundred: The Archaeology of a Virginia Plantation, 1619-1864 (1993).

Carville Earle, The Evolution of a Tidewater Settlement System: All Hallow's Parish, Maryland, 1650-1783 (1975).

Ronald Hoffman and Sally D. Mason, Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland: A Carroll Saga, 1500-1782 (2000).

James Horn, Adapting to a New World: English Society in the Seventeenth-Century Chesapeake (1994).

David W. Jordan, Foundations of Representative Government in Maryland, 1632-1715 (1987).

John Gilman Korp, Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia (1998).

Jon Kukla, Political Institutions in Virginia, 1619-1660 (1989).

Aubrey C. Land, Colonial Maryland: A History (1981).

Kenneth A. Lockridge, The Diary, and Life, of William Byrd II of Virginia, 1674-1744 (1987).

Gloria Lund Main, Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720 (1982).

Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America (2000).

James Perry, The Formation of a Society on Virginia's Eastern Shore, 1615-1655 (1990).

Jacob M. Price, Perry of London: A Family and a Firm on the Seaborne Frontier, 1615-1753 (1992).

Darrett B. Rutman and Anita H. Rutman, A Place in Time: Middlesex County, Virginia, 1650-1750, 2 vols. (1984).

James F. Shepherd and Gary M. Walton, Shipping, Maritime Trade, and the Economic Development of Colonial North America (1972).

Thad W. Tate and David L. Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society (1979).

Servants and Slaves

Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (1998).

Robin Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (1997).

Sylviane A. Diouf, Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas (1998).

David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (2000).

David W. Galenson, White Servitude in Colonial America: An Economic Analysis (1981).

David W. Galenson, Traders, Planters, and Slaves: Market Behavior in Early English America (1986).

Herbert S. Klein, The Middle Passage: Comparative Studies of the Atlantic Slave Trade (1978).

Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida (1999).

Paul E. Lovejoy, ed., Africans in Bondage: Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade (1986).

Richard B. Morris, Government and Labor in Early America (1946).

James A. Rawley, The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History (1981).

Abbot Emerson Smith, Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607-1776 (1947).

Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (1997).

Carolina Society

Alan Vance Briceland, Westward from Virginia: The Exploration of the Virginia-Carolina Frontier, 1650-1710 (1987).

Converse D. Clowse, Economic Beginnings in Colonial South Carolina, 1670-1730 (1971).

Leland G. Ferguson, Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650-1800 (1992).

Thomas M. Hatley, The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of the American Revolution (1993).

Daniel C. Littlefield, Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina (1981).

Alexander S. Salley Jr., ed., Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1708 (1911).

Aaron M. Shatzmann, Servants into Planters: The Origin of an American Image: Land Acquisition and Status Mobility in Seventeenth-Century South Carolina (1989).

Richard Waterhouse, A New World Gentry: The Making of a Merchant and Planter Class in South Carolina, 1670-1770 (1989).

Robert M. Weir, Colonial South Carolina: A History (1983).

Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (1974).

The West Indies

Virginia Bernhard, Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782 (1999).

Carl Bridenbaugh and Roberta Bridenbaugh, No Peace Beyond the Line: The English in the Caribbean, 1624-1690 (1972).

Michael Craton, Sinews of Empire: A Short History of British Slavery (1974).

Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713 (1972).

Jerome S. Handler and Frederick W. Lange, Plantation Slavery in Barbados (1978).

Kenneth F. Kiple, The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History (1984).

Herbert S. Klein, African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean (1986).

Sidney W. Mintz, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (1985).

Richard B. Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775 (1974).

General Works

Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America (1986).

Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (1990).

Colin G. Calloway, New Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (1998).

David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (1989).

Jack P. Greene, Pursuits of Happiness: The Social Development of Early Modern British Colonies and the Formation of American Culture (1988).

David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (1989).

Stephen Innes, Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England (1995).

David Jaffee, People of the Wachusett: Greater New England in History and Memory, 1630-1860 (1999).

David S. Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution (1985).

Robert Blair St. George, Possible Pasts: Becoming Colonial in Early America (2000).

Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communalism: Family and Community in the American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century (1990).

Indians

Colin G. Calloway, The Western Abenaki of Vermont, 1600-1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People (1990).

Richard W. Cogley, John Eliot's Mission to the Indians before King Philip's War (1999).

William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (1983).

Matthew Dennis, Cultivating a Landscape of Peace: Iroquois-European Encounters in Seventeenth-Century America (1993).

Carol Devens, Countering Colonization: Native American Women and Great Lakes Missions, 1630-1900 (1992).

James David Drake, King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676 (2000).

Edward G. Gray, New World Babel: Languages and Nations in Early America (1999).

Nicholas Griffiths and Fernando Cervantes, eds., Spiritual Encounters: Interactions between Christianity and Native Religions in Colonial America (1999).

Francis Jennings, The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from its Beginings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (1983).

Yasughide Kawashima, Puritan Justice and the Indian: White Man's Law in Massachusetts, 1630-1763 (1986).

Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (1998).

James W. Mavor, Manitou: The Sacred Landscape of New England's Native Civilization (1989).

Michael Leroy Oberg, Dominion and Civility: English Imperialism and Native America, 1585-1685 (1999).

Jean M. O'Brien, Dispossession by Degrees: Indian Land and Identity in Natick, Massachusetts, 1650-1790 (1997).

Ann Marie Plane, Colonial Intimacies: Indian Marriages in Early New England (2000).

Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (1992).

Daniel K. Richter and James H. Merrell, Beyond the Covenant Chain: The Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America, 1600-1800 (1987).

Neal Salisbury, Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 (1982).

Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (1991).

Hilary E. Wyss, Writing Indians: Literacy, Christianity, and Native Community in Early America (2000).

New England

David Grayson Allen, In English Ways: The Movement of Societies and the Transferal of English Local Law and Custom to Massachusetts Bay in the Seventeenth Century (1981).

Virginia Dejohn Anderson, New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century (1991).

Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft (1974).

Theodore Dwight Bozeman, To Live Ancient Lives: The Primitivist Dimension in Puritanism (1988).

T. H. Breen, Puritans and Adventurers: Change and Persistence in Early America (1980).

Francis J. Bremer, Shaping New Englands: Puritan Clergymen in Seventeenth-Century England and New England (1994).

Richard Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1765 (1967).

Jonathan M. Chu, Neighbors, Friends, or Madmen: The Puritan Adjustment to Quakerism in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts Bay (1985).

Charles Lloyd Cohen, God's Caress: The Psychology of Puritan Religious Experience (1986).

James F. Cooper Jr., Tenacious of Their Liberties: The Congregationalists in Colonial Massachusetts (1999).

David Cressy, Coming Over: Migration and Communication between England and New England in the Seventeenth Century (1987).

Bruce Colin Daniels, Puritans at Play: Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England (1995).

Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women before the Bar: Gender, Law, and Society in Connecticut, 1639-1789 (1995).

John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (1970).

John Putnam Demos, Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England (1982).

Stephen Foster, Their Solitary Way: The Puritan Social Ethic in the First Century of Settlement in New England (1971).

Stephen Foster, The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture, 1570-1700 (1991).

Richard P. Gildrie, The Profane, the Civil, and the Godly: The Reformation of Manners in Orthodox New England, 1679-1749 (1994).

Richard Godbeer, The Devil's Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England (1992).

Judith S. Graham, Puritan Family Life: The Diary of Samuel Sewall (2000).

Philip Gura, A Glimpse of Sion's Glory: Puritan Radicalism in Seventeenth-Century New England, 1620-1660 (1984).

Stephen Innes, Labor in a New Land: Economy and Society in Seventeenth-Century Springfield (1983).

David Jaffee, People of the Wachusetts: Greater New England in History and Memory, 1630-1860 (1999).

Sydney V. James, The Colonial Metamorphoses in Rhode Island: A Study of Institutions in Change (2000).

Jane Kamensky, Governing the Tongue: The Politics of Speech in Early New England (1997).

Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (1987).

Michael W. Kaufman, Institutional Individualism: Conversion, Exile, and Nostaligia in Puritan New England (1998).

Karen Ordahl Kupperman, Providence Island, 1630-1641: The Other Puritan Colony (1993).

Bruce H. Mann, Neighbors and Strangers: Law and Community in Early Connecticut (1987).

Carolyn Merchant, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England (1989).

Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop (1958).

Edmund S. Morgan, Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea (1963).

James G. Mosely, John Winthrop's World: History as a Story, the Story as History (1992).

Margaret Ellen Newell, From Dependency to Independence: Economic Revolution in Colonial New England (1999).

Carla Gardina Pestana, Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts (1991).

Mark A. Peterson, The Price of Redemption: The Spiritual Economy of Puritan New England (1998).

Amanda Porterfield, Female Piety in Puritan New England: The Emergence of Religious Humanism (1992).

Michael J. Puglisi, Puritans Besieged: The Legacies of King Philip's War in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1991).

Elizaberth Reis, Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England (1997).

Phillip H. Round, By Nature and By Custom Cursed: Transatlantic Civil Discourse and New England Cultural Production, 1620-1660 (1999).

Robert Blair St. George, Conversing by Signs: Poetics of Implication in Colonial New England Culture (1998).

Timothy J. Sehr, Colony and Commonwealth: Massachusetts Bay, 1649-1660 (1989).

Richard C. Simmons, Studies in the Massachusetts Franchise, 1631-1691 (1989).

Darren Staloff, The Making of an American Thinking Class: Intellectuals and Intelligentsia in Puritan Massachusetts (1997).

Harry S. Stout, The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England (1986).

Lawrence William Towner, A Good Master Well Served: Masters and Servants in Colonial Massachusetts, 1620-1750 (1998).

Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Good Wives: Image and Reality in the Lives of Women in Northern New England, 1650-1750 (1982).

Lisa Wilson, Ye Heart of a Man: The Domestic Life of Men in Colonial New England (1999).

Michael P. Winship, Seers of God: Puritan Providentialism in the Restoration and Early Enlightenment (1996).

Avihu Zakai, Exile and Kingdom: History and Apocalypse in the Puritan Migration to America (1992).

Middle Colonies

Thomas J. Archdeacon, New York City, 1664-1710: Conquest and Change (1976).

Patricia U. Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York (1971).

Graham Russell Hodges, Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613-1863 (1999).

Sung Bok Kim, Landlord and Tenant in Colonial New York: Manorial Society, 1664-1775 (1978).

Rebecca Larson, Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700-1775 (1999).

Cathy Matson, Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York (1998).

Brendan McConville, These Daring Disturbers of the Public Peace: The Struggle for Property and Power in Early New Jersey (1999).

Donna Merwick, Possessing Albany, 1630-1710: The Dutch and English Experiences (1990).

Donna Merwick, Death of a Notary: Conquest and Change in Colonial New York (1999).

David E. Narrett, Inheritance and Family Life in Colonial New York City (1992).

Gary B. Nash, Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681-1726 (1968).

John E. Pomfret, Colonial New Jersey: A History (1973).

Oliver A. Rink, Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York (1986).

Robert C. Ritchie, The Duke's Province: A Study of New York Politics and Society, 1664-1691 (1977).

Allen Tully, Forming American Politics: Ideals, Interests, and Institutions in Colonial New York and Pennsylvania (1994).

Stephanie Grauman Wolf, Urban Village: Population, Community, and Family Structure in Germantown, Pennsylvania, 1683-1800 (1976).

Karin A. Wulf, Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia (2000).

Chapter 5. Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century, 1701-1770

General Works

Douglas Anderson, The Radical Enlightenment of Benjamin Franklin (1997).

Richard Aquila, The Iroquois Restoration: Iroquois Diplomacy on the Colonial Frontier, 1701-1754 (1997).

Bernard Bailyn, The Peopling of British North America (1986).

Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution (1986).

Catherine A. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845 (1998).

Richard D. Brown, Knowledge Is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700-1865 (1989).

Jon Butler, Becoming America: The Revolution before 1776 (2000).

Colin G. Calloway, News Worlds for All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (1997).

A. Roger Ekirch, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718-1775 (1987).

David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (2000).

Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788 (1986).

Jack P. Greene, The Intellectual Construction of America: Exceptionalism and Identity from 1492-1800 (1993).

Patrick Griffin, The People with No Name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish and the Creation of the British Atlantic World, 1689-1764 (2001).

Timothy D. Hall, Contested Boundaries: Itineracy and the Reshaping of the Colonial American Religious World (1994).

C. Dallett Hemphill, Bowing to Necessity: A History of Manners in America, 1620-1860 (1999)

Nancy F. Koehn, The Power of Commerce: Economy and Governance in the First British Empire (1994).

Frank Lambert, "Pedlar in Divinity": George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1723-1770 (1994).

Frank Lambert, Inventing the "Great Awakening" (1999).

Michael N. McConnell, A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its People, 1724-1774 (1997).

Gregory H. Nobles, American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest (1997).

Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (1996).

Alison Gilbert Olson, Making the Empire Work: London and American Interest Groups, 1690-1790 (1992).

A. G. Roeber, Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America (1993).

Leigh Eric Schmidt, Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion, and the American Enlightenment (2000).

Michael Schudson, The Good Citizen: A History of American Civic Life (1998).

Carole Shammas, The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America (1990).

Timothy J. Shannon, Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 1754 (2000).

David S. Shields, Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America (1997).

Marianne E. Wokeck, Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America (1999).

Stephanie Grauman Wolf, As Various as Their Land: The Everyday Lives of Eighteenth-Century Americans (1993).

New England

John L. Brooke, The Heart of the Commonwealth: Society and Political Culture in Worcester County, Massachusetts, 1713-1861 (1989).

Richard Bushman, From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1765 (1967).

David W. Conroy, In Public Houses: Drink and the Revolution of Authority in Colonial Massachusetts (1995).

Jay Coughtry, The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade, 1700-1807 (1981).

Elaine Forman Crane, Ebb Tide in New England: Women, Seaports, and Social Change, 1630-1800 (1998).

Christopher Grasso, A Speaking Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut (1999).

Christine Leigh Heyrman, Commerce and Culture: The Maritime Communities of Colonial Massachusetts, 1690-1750 (1984).

Douglas Lamar Jones, Village and Seaport: Migration and Society in Eighteenth-Century Massachusetts (1981).

Daniel R. Mandell, Behind the Frontier: Indians in Eighteenth-Century Eastern Massachusetts (1996).

Gerald R. McDermott, Jonathan Edwards Confronts the Gods: Christian Theology, Enlightenment Religion, and Non-Christian Faiths (2000).

Carolyn Merchant, Ecological Revolutions: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England (1989).

Lisa Norling, Captain Ahab Had a Wife: New England Women and the Whalefishery, 1720-1870 (2000).

William D. Piersen, Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England (1988).

Erik R. Seeman, Pious Persuasions: Laity and Clergy in Eighteenth-Century New England (1999).

Patricia J. Tracy, Jonathan Edwards, Pastor: Religion and Society in Eighteenth-Century Northampton (1979).

Lynne Withey, Urban Growth in Colonial Rhode Island: Newport and Providence in the Eighteenth Century (1984).

Middle Colonies

Randall H. Balmer, A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies (1989).

Thomas J. Davis, A Rumor of Revolt: The 'Great Negro Plot' in Colonial New York (1985).

Thomas M. Doerflinger, A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia (1986).

Firth Haring Fabend, Zion on the Hudson: Dutch New York and New Jersey in the Age of Revivals (2000).

Aaron Spencer Fogelman, Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775 (1996).

J. William Frost, A Perfect Freedom: Religious Liberty in Pennsylvania (1990).

Eric Hinderaker, Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1673-1800 (1997).

Jessica Kross, The Evolution of an American Town: Newtown, New York, 1642-1775 (1983).

Ned C. Landsman, Scotland and Its First American Colony, 1683-1765 (1985).

Rebecca Larson, Daughters of Light: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700-1775 (1999).

Stephen L. Longenecker, Piety and Tolerance: Pennsylvania German Religion, 1700-1850 (1994).

Peter C. Mancall, Valley of Opportunity: Economic Culture along the Upper Susquehanna, 1700-1800 (1991).

Brendan J. McConville, These Darling Disturbers of the Public Peace: The Struggle for Property and Power in Early New Jersey (1999).

James H. Merrell, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (1999).

Benjamin H. Newcomb, Political Partisanship in the American Middle Colonies, 1700-1776 (1995).

Sharon V. Salinger, "To Serve Well and Faithfully": Labor and Indentured Servitude in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800 (1987).

Sally Schwartz, "A Mixed Multitude": The Struggle for Toleration in Colonial Pennsylvania (1987).

Mary M. Schweitzer, Custom and Contract: Household, Government, and the Economy in Colonial Pennsylvania (1987).

Beverly Prior Smaby, The Transformation of Moravian Bethlehem: From Communal Mission to Family Economy (1988).

Billy G. Smith, The "Lower Sort": Philadelphia's Laboring People, 1750-1800 (1990).

Merrill D. Smith, Breaking the Bonds: Marital Discord in Pennsylvania, 1730-1830 (1991).

Jean R. Soderlund, Quakers and Slavery: A Divided Spirit (1985).

Southern Colonies

Edward J. Cashin, Lachlan McGillivray, Indian Trader: The Shaping of the Southern Colonial Frontier (1992).

David R. Chesnutt, South Carolina's Expansion into Colonial Georgia, 1720-1765 (1989).

Peter A. Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670-1920 (1989).

A. Roger Ekirch, Poor Carolina: Politics and Society in Colonial North Carolina, 1729-1776 (1981).

David Hackett Fischer and James C. Kelly, Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement (2000).

Sylvia R. Frey and Betty Wood, Come Shouting to Zion: African American Protestantism in the American South and British Caribbean to 1830 (1998).

Allan Gallay, The Formation of a Planter Elite: Jonathan Bryan and the Southern Colonial Frontier (1989).

Michael Angelo Gomez, Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South (1998).

Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century (1992).

Thomas N. Ingersoll, Mammon and Manon in Early New Orleans: The First Slave Society in the Deep South, 1718-1819 (1999).

Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (1982).

George Johnson, The Frontier in the Colonial South: South Carolina Backcountry, 1736-1800 (1997).

Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740-1800 (1992).

Marvin L. Michael Kay, Slavery in North Carolina, 1748-1775 (1995).

Cynthia A. Kierner, Beyond the Household: Women's Place in the Early South, 1700-1835 (1998).

John Gilman Kolp, Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics and Political Commentary in Colonial Virginia (1998).

Allan Kulikoff, Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800 (1986).

Hugo Prosper Leaming, Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the Carolinas (1995).

Gloria L. Main, Tobacco Colony: Life in Early Maryland, 1650-1720 (1982).

Philip D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Low Country (1998).

Michael Mullin, Africa in America: Slave Acculturation and Resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736-1831 (1992).

Robert Olwell, Masters, Slaves, and Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low Country, 1740-1790 (1998).

Michael J. Rozbicki, The Complete Colonial Gentleman: Cultural Legitimacy in Plantation America (1998).

Claudio Saunt, A New Order of Things: Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733-1816 (1999).

Jon F. Sensbach, A Separate Canaan: The Making of an Afro-Moravian World in North Carolina, 1763-1840 (1997).

Daniel Blake Smith, Inside the Great House: Planter Family Life in Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake Society (1980).

Mechal Sobel, The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (1987).

Elisabeth W. Sommer, Serving Two Masters: Moravian Brethren in Germany and North Carolina, 1727-1801 (2000).

Donna Spindel, Crime and Society in North Carolina, 1663-1776 (1989).

Daniel B. Thorp, The Moravian Community in Colonial North Carolina: Pluralism on the Southern Frontier (1989).

Lorena S. Walsh, From Calabar to Carter's Grove: The History of a Virginia Slave Community (1997).

Betty Wood, The Origins of American Slavery: Freedom and Bondage in the English Colonies (1997).

Chapter 6. The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775

General Works

John R. Alden, A History of the American Revolution (1989).

Edward Countryman, The American Revolution (1985).

Marc Egnal, A Mighty Empire: The Origins of the American Revolution (1988).

Francis Jennings, The Creation of America through Revolution to Empire (2000).

Merrill Jensen, The Founding of a Nation: A History of the American Revolution, 1763-1776 (1968).

A. J. Langguth, Patriots: The Men Who Started the American Revolution (1989).

James Kirby Martin, In the Course of Human Events: An Interpretive Exploration of the American Revolution (1979).

Robert Middlekauff, The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789 (1982).

Edmund S. Morgan, The Challenge of the American Revolution (1976).

Gordon Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution (1992).

Alfred F. Young, The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism (1976).

Native Americans and the French and Indian War

Fred Anderson, A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years' War (1984).

Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766 (2000).

Francis Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years' War in America (1988).

Douglas E. Leach, Roots of Conflict: British Armed Forces and Colonial Americans, 1677-1763 (1986).

Michael N. McConnell, A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774 (1992).

James H. Merrell, Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier (1999).

Timothy J. Shannon, Indians and Colonists at the Crossroads of Empire: The Albany Congress of 1754 (1999).

Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (1991).

The British View of Empire

Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics (1968).

Thomas C. Barrow, Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in America, 1660-1775 (1967).

John L. Bullion, A Great and Necessary Measure: George Grenville and the Genesis of the Stamp Act, 1763-1765 (1983).

Don Cook, The Long Fuse: How England Lost the American Colonies, 1760-1785 (1996).

Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Politics of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788 (1986).

James A. Henretta, "Salutary Neglect": Colonial Administration under the Duke of Newcastle (1972).

Michael Kammen, A Rope of Sand: Colonial Agents, British Politics, and the American Revolution (1968).

Michael Kammen, Empire and Interest: The American Colonies and the Politics of Mercantilism (1970).

Philip Lawson, George Grenville: A Political Life (1984).

Alison Gilbert Olson, Making the Empire Work: London and American Interest Groups, 1690-1790 (1992).

Alan Rogers, Empire and Liberty: American Resistance to British Authority, 1755-1763 (1974).

The Revolutionary Crisis of the 1760s and 1770s

David Ammerman, In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 (1975).

Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967).

Bernard Bailyn, The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (1974).

Bernard Bailyn, Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence (1990).

Richard R. Beeman, Patrick Henry (1974).

Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1750-1800 (1985).

John L. Brooke, The Heart of the Commonwealth: Society and Political Culture in Worcester County, Massachusetts, 1713-1861 (1989).

John E. Ferling, The First of Men: A Life of George Washington (1988).

David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere's Ride (1994).

Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority, 1750-1800 (1982).

Dirk Hoerder, Crowd Action in Revolutionary Massachusetts, 1765-1780 (1977).

Woody Holton, Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia (1999).

Thomas A. Lewis, For King and Country: The Maturing of George Washington, 1748-1760 (1993).

Pauline Maier, From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765-1776 (1972).

Pauline Maier, The Old Revolutionaries: Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams (1980).

Edmund S. Morgan, The Genius of George Washington (1980).

Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (1988).

Edmund S. Morgan and Helen M. Morgan, The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution (1962).

Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution (1979).

Peter Shaw, American Patriots and the Rituals of Revolution (1981).

John W. Tyler, Smugglers and Patriots: Boston Merchants and the Advent of the American Revolution (1986).

Ann Fairfax Withington, Toward a More Perfect Union: Virtue and the Formation of American Republics (1991).

Alfred F. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party: Memory and the American Revolution (1999).

Hiller B. Zobel, The Boston Massacre (1970).

Women

Richard Buel and Joy Day Buel, The Way of Duty: A Woman and Her Family in Revolutionary America (1984).

Joan Gundersen, To Be Useful to the World: Women in Revolutionary America, 1740-1790 (1996).

Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Women in the Age of the American Revolution (1989).

Linda Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (1980).

Mary Beth Norton, Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750-1800 (1980).

Slavery

Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman, Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution (1983).

Jeffrey Crow, The Black Experience in Revolutionary North Carolina (1977).

David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (1975).

Sylvia Frey, Water from the Rock: Black Resistance in a Revolutionary Age (1991).

Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (1968).

Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (1989).

Duncan J. Macleod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution (1974).

Philip Morgan, Slave Counterpoint (1998).

Donald L. Robinson, Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, 1765-1820 (1971).

Regional Studies

Richard R. Beeman, The Evolution of the Southern Backcountry: A Case Study of Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1746-1832 (1984).

T. H. Breen, Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of the American Revolution (1985).

Richard D. Brown, Revolutionary Politics in Massachusetts: The Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Towns, 1772-1774 (1970).

Richard Bushman, King and People in Provincial Massachusetts (1985).

Edward Countryman, A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760-1790 (1981).

Jere R. Daniell, Experiment in Republicanism: New Hampshire Politics and the Revolution, 1741-1794 (1970).

A. Roger Ekirch, "Poor Carolina": Politics and Society in North Carolina, 1729-1776 (1981).

Larry R. Gerlach, Prologue to Independence: New Jersey in the Coming of the Revolution (1976).

Paul Gilje, Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City, 1763-1834 (1987).

Robert A. Gross, The Minutemen and Their World (1976).

Ronald Hoffman, A Spirit of Dissension: Economics, Politics, and the Revolution in Maryland (1973).

Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (1982).

Stephen E. Lucas, Portents of Rebellion: Rhetoric and Revolution in Philadelphia, 1765-1776 (1976).

William Pencak, Politics and Revolution in Provincial Massachusetts (1981).

Bruce A. Ragsdale, A Planters' Republic: The Search for Economic Independence in Revolutionary Virginia (1996).

Steven Rossman, Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and the "Lower Sort" during the American Revolution (1987).

Albert H. Tillson, Gentry and Common Folk: Political Culture on a Virginia Frontier, 1740-1789 (1991).

Richard Walsh, Charleston's Sons of Liberty: A Study of the Artisans, 1763-1789 (1959).

Chapter 7. The War for America, 1775-1783

General Works

Michael A. Bellesiles, Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture (2000).

Benson Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution (1997).

Edward Countryman, The American Revolution (1985).

Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-1782 (2002).

Don Higginbotham, The War of Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practices, 1763-1789 (1983).

Don Higginbotham, War and Society in Revolutionary America: The Wider Dimensions of Conflict (1988).

Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, Arms and Independence: The Military Character of the American Revolution (1984).

Mark V. Kwasny, Washington's Partisan War, 1775-1783 (1996).

Piers Mackesy, The War for America, 1775-1783 (1964).

Ray Raphael, A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence (2001).

Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775-1783 (1979).

Geoffrey Scheer, Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It (1988).

John Shy, A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence (rev. ed., 1990).

James L. Stokesbury, A Short History of the American Revolution (1991).

Harry M. Ward, The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society (1999).

The Wartime Confederation

John Alden, George Washington (1984).

Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (1993).

John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (1992).

Jay Fliegelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance (1993).

Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (1976).

Edith Gelles, Portia: The World of Abigail Adams (1992).

James H. Hutson, John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980).

Pauline Maier, American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (1997).

Jackson Turner Main, The Sovereign States, 1775-1783 (1973).

Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress (1979).

Peter Shaw, The Character of John Adams (1976).

Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (1978).

Lynne Withey, Dearest Friend: A Life of Abigail Adams (1981).

The Loyalists

Wallace Brown, The Good Americans: The Loyalists in the American Revolution (1969).

Robert M. Calhoon, The Loyalists of Revolutionary America (1973).

Robert M. Calhoon, The Loyalist Perception and Other Essays (1989).

John Ferling, The Loyalist Mind: Joseph Galloway and the American Revolution (1977).

Malcolm Frieberg, Prelude to Purgatory: Thomas Hutchinson in Provincial Massachusetts Politics, 1760-1770 (1990).

Adele Hast, Loyalism in Revolutionary Virginia (1982).

William N. Nelson, The American Tory (1961).

Mary Beth Norton, The British-American: The Loyalist Exiles in England, 1774-1789 (1972).

William Pencak, American's Burke: The Mind of Thomas Hutchinson (1982).

Janice Potter, The Liberty We Seek: Loyalist Ideology in Colonial New York and Massachusetts (1983).

James W. St. G. Walker, The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783-1870 (1976).

The War in the North

Michael A. Bellesiles, Revolutionary Outlaws: Ethan Allen and the Struggle for Independence on the Early American Frontier (1993).

W. Jeffrey Bolster, Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail (1998).

Clare Brandt, The Man in the Mirror: A Life of Benedict Arnold (1994).

Richard Buel Jr., Dear Liberty: Connecticut's Mobilization for the Revolutionary War (1980).

Colin G. Calloway, The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities (1995).

E. Wayne Carp, To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775-1783 (1984).

Edward Countryman, A People in Revolution: The American Revolution and Political Society in New York, 1760-1790 (1981).

John C. Dann, ed., The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence (1980).

Gregory E. Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (1992).

Joseph R. Fischer, A Well-Executed Failure: The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois, July-September 1779 (1997).

William M. Fowler Jr., Rebels under Sail: The American Navy during the Revolution (1976).

Sylvia Frey, The British Soldier in America: A Social History of Military Life in the Revolutionary Period (1965).

Barbara Graymont, The Iroquois in the American Revolution (1972).

Robert Gross, The Minutemen and Their World (1976).

Ira D. Gruber, The Howe Brothers and the American Revolution (1972).

Richard J. Hargrove Jr., General John Burgoyne (1983).

Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution (1989).

Isabel T. Kelsay, Joseph Brant, 1743-1807 (1984).

Richard M. Ketchum, Saratoga: Turning Point of America's Revolutionary War (1997).

Donald R. Lennon and Charles E. Bennett, A Quest for Glory: Robert Howe and the American Revolution (1991).

James Kirby Martin, Benedict Arnold, Revolutionary Hero: An American Warrior Reconsidered (1997).

James Kirby Martin and Edward Mark Lender, A Respectable Army: The Military Origins of the Republic, 1763-1789 (1982).

David B. Mattern, Benjamin Lincoln and the American Revolution (1995).

Holly A. Mayer, Belonging to the Army: Camp Followers and Community during the American Revolution (1996).

Dave R. Palmer, The Way of the Fox: American Strategy in the War for America, 1775-1783 (1975).

Gary A. Puckrein, The Black Regiment in the American Revolution (1978).

John Shy, Toward Lexington: The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution (1965).

John A. Tilley, The British Navy and the American Revolution (1987).

Donald Wallace White, A Village at War: Chatham, New Jersey, and the American Revolution (1979).

Robert K. Wright Jr., The Continental Army (1983).

Diplomacy

Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution (1985).

R. Ernest Dupuy et al., The American Revolution: A Global War (1977).

Ronald Hoffman and Peter Albert, eds., Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783 (1986).

Reginald Horsman, The Diplomacy of the New Republic, 1776-1815 (1985).

James H. Hutson, John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980).

Lee Kennett, The French Forces in America, 1780-1783 (1977).

The Southern Strategy

Lawrence E. Babits, A Devil of a Whipping: The Battle of Cowpens (1998).

W. Arthur Bowler, Logistics and the Failure of the British Army in America, 1775-1783 (1975).

Jeffrey J. Crow and Larry Tise, eds., The Southern Experience in the American Revolution (1978).

John Ferling, ed., The World Turned Upside Down: The American Victory in the War of Independence (1988).

M. Thomas Hatley, The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution (1993).

W. Robert Higgins, ed., The Revolutionary War in the South (1979).

Ronald Hoffman, Thad W. Tate, and Peter J. Albert, eds., An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry during the American Revolution (1985).

Henry Lumpkin, From Savannah to Yorktown (1981).

Jerome J. Nadelhaft, The Disorders of War: The Revolution in South Carolina (1981).

James H. O'Donnell III, Southern Indians in the American Revolution (1973).

John S. Pancake, This Destructive War: The British Campaign in the Carolinas, 1780-1782 (1985).

Hugh Rankin, The North Carolina Continentals (1971).

John E. Selby, The Revolution in Virginia, 1775-1783 (1988).

Timothy Silver, A New Face on the Countryside: Indians, Colonists, and Slaves in South Atlantic Forests, 1500-1800 (1990).

Russell F. Weigley, The Partisan War: The South Carolina Campaign of 1780-1782 (1970).

Chapter 8. Building a Republic, 1775-1789

General Works

Lance Banning, The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (1995).

Jacob E. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (1982).

Joseph J. Ellis, After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture (1979).

Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789 (1950).

Ralph Ketcham, James Madison: A Biography (1971).

Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America (1988).

Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789 (1987).

Peter S. Onuf and Cathy D. Matson, A Union of Interests: Political and Economic Thought in Revolutionary America (1990).

John Phillip Reid, The Concept of Liberty in the Age of the American Revolution (1988).

Robert E. Shalhope, The Roots of Democracy: American Thought and Culture, 1760-1800 (1990).

Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787 (1969).

Alfred Young, ed., Beyond the American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism (1993).

The Confederation Government

Joseph L. Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, 1774-1787 (1977).

Daniel M. Friedenberg, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Land: The Plunder of Early America (1992).

J. James Henderson, Party Politics in the Continental Congress (1974).

Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774-1781 (1940).

Jackson Turner Main, Political Parties before the Constitution (1973).

Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (1987).

Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress (1979).

Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776-1850 (1987).

The Sovereign States

Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions: Republican Ideology and the Making of the State Constitutions in the Revolutionary Era (1980).

Van Beck Hall, Politics without Parties: Massachusetts, 1780-1791 (1972).

Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Sovereign States in an Age of Uncertainty (1981).

Marc W. Kruman, Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America (1997).

Jackson Turner Main, The Sovereign States, 1775-1783 (1973).

Richard P. McCormick, Experiment in Independence: New Jersey in the Critical Period, 1781-1789 (1950).

Alfred Young, The Democratic-Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763-1797 (1967).

Citizenship

Ira Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America (1998).

Robert Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America (1982).

Ruth Wallis Herndon, Unwelcome Americans: Living on the Margin in Early New England (2001).

Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (1980).

Linda K. Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship (1998).

James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (1978).

Jan Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, eds., Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture (1999).

Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England, 1780-1860 (1998).

Gary B. Nash and Jean R. Sonderlund, Freedom by Degrees: Emancipation in Pennsylvania and Its Aftermath (1991).

Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (1986).

Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (1997).

Rosemarie Zagarri, A Woman's Dilemma: Mercy Otis Warren and the American Revolution (1995).

The Critical Period

William G. Anderson, The Price of Liberty: The Public Debt of the American Revolution (1983).

Robert A. Becker, Revolution, Reform, and the Politics of American Taxation, 1763-1783 (1980).

John L. Brooke, The Heart of the Commonwealth: Society and Political Culture in Worcester County, Massachusetts, 1713-1861 (1989).

E. James Ferguson, The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance, 1776-1790 (1961).

Robert A. Gross, ed., In Debt to Shays: The Bicentennial of an Agrarian Rebellion (1993).

James R. Morrill, The Practice and Politics of Fiat Finance: North Carolina in the Confederation, 1783-1789 (1969).

David P. Szatmary, Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection (1980).

Alan Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760-1820 (1990).

The Constitution and Ratification

John K. Alexander, The Selling of the Constitutional Convention: A History of News Coverage (1990).

Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution (1913).

Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C. Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (1987).

Herman Belz, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds., To Form a More Perfect Union: The Critical Ideas of the Constitution (1992).

Richard B. Bernstein and Kym S. Rice, Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution (1987).

Stephen R. Boyd, The Politics of Opposition: Antifederalists and the Acceptance of the Constitution (1979).

M. E. Bradford, Original Intentions: On the Making and Ratification of the United States Constitution (1993).

Robert E. Brown, Charles Beard and the Constitution (1956).

Roger H. Brown, Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution (1993).

Christopher Collier and James Lincoln Collier, Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 (1987).

Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds., The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties (1992).

Saul Cornell, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828 (1999).

Linda Grant DePauw, The Eleventh Pillar: New York State and the Federal Constitution (1966).

Michael Allen Gillespie and Michael Lienesch, eds., Ratifying the Constitution (1989).

John P. Kaminski and Richard Leffler, Federalists and Antifederalists: The Debate over the Constitution (1998).

Michael Kammen, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: The Constitution in American Culture (1986).

Cecelia M. Kenyon, ed., The Antifederalists (1966).

Ralph Ketcham, Framed for Posterity: The Enduring Philosophy of the Constitution (1993).

Peter B. Knupfer, The Union As It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787-1861 (1991).

Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, eds., The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution (1987).

Jackson Turner Main, The Antifederalists: Critics of the Constitution, 1781-1788 (1961).

Elizabeth P. McCaughey, Government by Choice: Inventing the United States Constitution (1987).

Forrest McDonald, We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution (1958).

William Lee Miller, The Business of May Next: James Madison and the Founding (1992).

Richard B. Morris, Witnesses at the Creation: Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and the Constitution (1985).

Ellen Franken Paul and Howard Dickman, eds., Liberty, Property, and the Foundations of the American Constitution (1989).

Jack N. Rakove, James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic (1990).

Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (1996).

John Phillip Reid, Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Rights (1986).

William H. Riker, The Strategy of Rhetoric: Campaigning for the American Constitution (1996).

Robert A. Rutland, The Ordeal of the Constitution: The Antifederalists and the Ratification Struggle of 1787-1788 (1966).

Stephen L. Schechter, The Reluctant Pillar: New York and the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (1985).

Bernard Schwartz, The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights (1992).

Garry Wills, Explaining America: The Federalist (1981).

Religion

Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756-1800 (1985).

Morton Borden, Jews, Turks, and Infidels (1984).

Thomas E. Buckley, Church and State in Revolutionary Virginia, 1776-1787 (1977).

Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (1990).

Naomi W. Cohen, Jews in Christian America: The Pursuit of Religious Equality (1992).

Thomas J. Curry, The First Freedoms: Church and State in America to the Passage of the First Amendment (1986).

Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (1977).

Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (1989).

Ronald Hoffman and Peter Albert, eds., Religion in a Revolutionary Age (1994).

Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790 (1982).

Leonard W. Levy, The Establishment Clause: Religion and the First Amendment (1994).

Jacob Marcus, United States Jewry, 1776-1985 (1989).

William G. McLoughlin, New England Dissent, 1630-1833: The Baptists and the Separation of Church and State (1971).

William Lee Miller, The First Liberty: Religion and the American Republic (1986).

Sally Schwartz, A Mixed Multitude: The Struggle for Toleration in Colonial Pennsylvania (1987).

Chapter 9. The New Nation Takes Form, 1789-1800

General Works

Doron Ben-Atar and Barbara B. Oberg, eds., Federalists Reconsidered (1998).

Richard Buel, Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789-1815 (1972).

William Nisbet Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776-1809 (1963).

David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789-1801 (1997).

Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800 (1993).

Joseph J. Ellis, Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (2000).

John F. Hoadley, Origins of American Political Parties, 1789-1803 (1986).

Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds., Launching the "Extended Republic": The Federalist Era (1996).

Donald R. Kennon, ed., A Republic for the Ages: The United States Capitol and the Political Culture in the Early Republic (1999).

Ralph Ketcham, Presidents above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789-1829 (1984).

John R. Nelson, Liberty and Property: Political Economy and Policymaking in the New Nation, 1789-1812 (1987).

James Rogers Sharp, American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis (1993).

Larry E. Tise, The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783-1800 (1999).

David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820 (1997).

Washington's Administration

Kenneth R. Bowling, Politics in the First Congress, 1789-1791 (1990).

Steven R. Boyd, ed., The Whiskey Rebellion: Past and Present Perspectives (1985).

Jerry A. Clouse, The Whiskey Rebellion: Southwestern Pennsylvania's Frontier People Test the American Constitution (1995).

James T. Flexner, George Washington and the New Nation, 1783-1793 (1970).

James T. Flexner, George Washington: Anguish and Farewell, 1793-1799 (1972).

Leonard W. Levy, The Origins of the Bill of Rights (1999).

Forrest McDonald, The Presidency of George Washington (1974).

Forrest McDonald, The American Presidency: An Intellectual History (1994).

Robert A. Rutland, The Birth of the Bill of Rights, 1776-1791 (1991).

Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion: Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution (1986).

The Economy and Hamilton's Program

Joyce Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (1984).

Richard Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton, American (2000).

Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (1990).

Jacob E. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton (1982).

Paul A. Gilje, ed., Wages of Independence: Capitalism in the Early American Republic (1997).

James A. Henretta, The Origins of American Capitalism: Collected Essays (1991).

Joan Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (1986).

Allan Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism (1992).

James Lemon, The Best Poor Man's Country: A Geographical Study of Early Southeastern Pennsylvania (1972).

Forrest McDonald, Alexander Hamilton: A Biography (1982).

Winifred Rothenberg, From Market-Places to a Market Economy: The Transformation of Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1850 (1992).

Herbert E. Sloan, Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt (1995).

Women

Susan Branson, These Fiery Frenchified Dames: Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia (2001).

Nancy Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood: Women's Sphere in New England, 1780-1835 (1977).

Native Americans and The Frontier

Robert F. Berkhofer Jr., Salvation and the Savage: An Analysis of Protestant Missions and American Indian Response, 1787-1862 (1965).

Colin G. Calloway, Crown and Calumet: British-Indian Relations, 1783-1815 (1987).

Andrew R. L. Cayton, Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Century, 1780-1825 (1989).

Gregory E. Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (1992).

R. Douglas Hurt, The Ohio Frontier: Crucible of the Old Northwest, 1720-1830 (1998).

Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1780-1834 (1962).

Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Transappalachian Frontier: People, Societies, and Institutions, 1775-1850 (1978).

John Sugden, Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees (2000).

Wiley Sword, President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790-1795 (1985).

Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (1991).

Foreign Relations

Albert H. Bowman, The Struggle for Neutrality: Franco-American Diplomacy during the Federalist Era (1974).

Jerald A. Combs, The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers (1970).

Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801 (1966).

Carolyn E. Fick, The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below (1991).

David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus, eds., A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (1997).

Peter P. Hill, French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783-1793 (1988).

Daniel G. Lang, Foreign Policy in the Early Republic (1985).

Martin Ros, Night of Fire: The Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti (1993).

William Stinchcombe, The XYZ Affair (1981).

Richard J. Twomey, Jacobins and Jeffersonians: Anglo-American Radicalism in the United States, 1790-1820 (1989).

Federalists and Republicans

Ralph A. Brown, The Presidency of John Adams (1975).

Noble Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789-1801 (1957).

Larry D. Eldridge, A Distant Heritage: The Growth of Free Speech in Early America (1994).

Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage: The Character and Legacy of John Adams (1993).

John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (1992).

Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (1969).

Richard H. Kohn, Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783-1802 (1975).

Leonard Levy, The Emergence of a Free Press (1985).

Drew McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (1980).

Jeffrey L. Pasley, "The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic (2001).

Peter Shaw, The Character of John Adams (1976).

James Morton Smith, Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (1966).

John Zvesper, Political Philosophy and Rhetoric: A Study of the Origins of American Party Politics (1977).

State Histories

Richard R. Beeman, The Old Dominion and the New Nation, 1788-1801 (1972).

Andrew R. L. Cayton, Frontier Indiana (1996).

Paul Goodman, The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts (1964).

Christopher Grasso, A Speaking Aristocracy: Transforming Public Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Connecticut (1999).

Norman Risjord, Chesapeake Politics, 1781-1800 (1978).

Charles Steffen, The Mechanics of Baltimore: Workers and Politics in the Age of Revolution, 1763-1812 (1984).

Alan Taylor, Liberty Men and Great Proprietors: The Revolutionary Settlement on the Maine Frontier, 1760-1820 (1990).

Alfred Young, The Democratic-Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763-1797 (1967).

Chapter 10. Republic Ascendancy, 1800-1824

General Works

Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (1978).

James Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800-1816 (1978).

Saul Cornell, The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828 (1999).

Noble E. Cunningham, In Pursuit of Reason: The Life of Thomas Jefferson (1987).

John R. Howe, From the Revolution through the Age of Jackson (1973).

Ralph Ketcham, Presidents above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789-1829 (1984).

David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fêtes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776-1820 (1997).

Stephen Watts, The Republic Reborn: War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820 (1987).

Jefferson and Republicans

Doron S. Ben-Atar, The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy (1993).

Noble E. Cunningham, The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations, 1801-1809 (1963).

Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (1976).

Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (1997).

Richard E. Ellis, The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic (1971).

David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (1965).

Annette Gordon-Reed, Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (1997).

Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 (1977).

Herbert A. Johnson, The Chief Justiceship of John Marshall, 1801-1835 (1997).

Lawrence S. Kaplan, "Entangling Alliances with None": American Foreign Policy in the Age of Jefferson (1987).

Jan Ellen Lewis and Peter S. Onuf, eds., Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture (1999).

Milton Lomask, Aaron Burr (1982).

Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801-1805 (1970).

Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805-1809 (1974).

Richard K. Matthews, The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson: A Revisionist View (1984).

Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (1980).

Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (1989).

R. Kent Newmyer, The Supreme Court under Marshall and Taney (1986).

Peter Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies (1993).

Merrill Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (1970).

Arnold A. Rogow, A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr (1998).

Robert A. Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison (1990).

Thomas C. Shevory, ed., John Marshall's Achievement: Law, Politics, and Constitutional Interpretations (1989).

Jack M. Sosin, The Aristocracy of the Long Robe: The Origins of Judicial Review in America (1989).

Francis N. Stites, John Marshall: Defender of the Constitution (1981).

Robert W. Tucker, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (1990).

G. E. White, The Marshall Court and Cultural Change, 1815-1835 (1988).

Lewis and Clark and the West

Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (1996).

Albert Furtwangler, Acts of Discovery: Visions of America in the Lewis and Clark Journals (1993).

David Freeman Hawke, Those Tremendous Mountains: The Story of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1980).

James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark among the Indians (1984).

Foreign Policy and the War of 1812

James M. Banner, To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789-1815 (1969).

Carl Benn, The Iroquois in the War of 1812 (1998).

Pierre Berton, The Invasion of Canada (1980).

Harry L. Coles, The War of 1812 (1965).

Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler and Robert L. Ivie, Congress Declares War: Rhetoric, Leadership, and Partisanship in the Early Republic (1983).

Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (1989).

Reginald Horsman, The Causes of the War of 1812 (1962).

Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (1970).

C. Edward Skeen, Citizen Soldiers in the War of 1812 (1999).

Burton Spivak, Jefferson's English Crisis: Commerce, Embargo, and the Republican Revolution (1979).

J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783-1830 (1983).

Slavery

David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (1975).

Douglas Egerton, Gabriel's Rebellion (1993).

Sylvia Frey, Water from the Rock (1991).

James Oliver Horton and Lois E. Horton, In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860 (1997).

Robert McColley, Slavery and Jeffersonian Virginia (1964).

Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community, 1720-1840 (1988).

Donald L. Robinson, Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, 1765-1820 (1971).

James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia (1997).

Shane White, Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1710-1810 (1991).

Native Americans

Henry Warner Bowden, American Indians and Christian Missions: Studies in Cultural Conflict (1981).

Christopher Densmore, Red Jacket: Iroquois Diplomat and Orator (1999).

Gregory E. Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (1992).

R. David Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet (1983).

R. David Edmunds, Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership (1984).

Bil Gilbert, God Gave Us This Country: Tekamthi and the First American Civil War (1989).

H. S. Halbert and T. H. Ball, The Creek War of 1813 and 1814 (1969).

William G. McLoughlin, Cherokees and Missionaries, 1789-1839 (1984).

James Merrell, The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (1989).

Paul Francis Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (1984).

Bernard W. Sheehan, Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indians (1973).

John Sugden, Tecumseh: A Life (1997).

Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (1991).

Women, Marriage, and Religion

Norma Basch, Framing American Divorce: From the Revolutionary Generation to the Victorians (1999).

Norma Basch, In the Eyes of the Law: Women, Marriage, and Property in Nineteenth-Century New York (1982).

Catherine A. Brekus, Strangers and Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740-1845 (1998).

Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (1990).

Nancy Cott, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (2001).

Philip Greven, The Protestant Temperament: Patterns of Child-Rearing, Religious Experience, and the Self in Early America (1977).

Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America (1985).

Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (1989).

Hendrik Hartog, Man and Wife in America: A History (2000).

Susan Juster, Disorderly Women: Sexual Politics and Evangelicalism in Revolutionary New England (1994).

Linda K. Kerber, Women of the Republic (1980).

Jan Lewis, The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia (1983).

Carla Pestana, Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts (1991).

Marylynn Salmon, Women and the Law of Property in Early America (1986).

Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based on Her Diary, 1786-1812 (1990).

Monroe and Adams Presidencies

Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (1971).

Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe (1996).

George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings (1952).

Don E. Fehrenbacher, The South and Three Sectional Crises (1980).

Mary W. M. Hargreaves, The Presidency of John Quincy Adams (1986).

Shaw Livermore, The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party, 1815-1830 (1962).

Paul C. Nagel, John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, A Private Life (1997).

Ernest R. May, The Making of the Monroe Doctrine (1975).

Chapter 11. The Expanding Republic, 1815-1840

General Works

Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise: America, 1815-1840 (1995).

Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (1992).

Merrill D. Peterson, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (1987).

Charles G. Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 1815-1846 (1991).

Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (1990).

Robert H. Wiebe, The Opening of American Society: From the Adoption of the Constitution to the Eve of Disunion (1984).

The Market Revolution

Elizabeth Blackmar, Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 (1989).

Mary H. Blewett, Men, Women, and Work: Class, Gender, and Protest in the New England Shoe Industry, 1780-1910 (1988).

Jeanne Boydston, Home and Work: Housework, Wages, and the Ideology of Labor in the Early Republic (1990).

Christopher Clark, The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Worcester, Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (1990).

Alan Dawley, Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn (1976).

Thomas Dublin, Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826-1860 (1979).

Thomas Dublin, Transforming Women's Work: New England Lives in the Industrial Revolution (1994).

Tony A. Freyer, Producers versus Capitalists: Constitutional Conflict in Antebellum America (1994).

Paul A. Gilje, ed., Wages of Independence: Capitalism in the Early Republic (1997).

Erik F. Haites, James Mak, and Gary M. Walton, Western River Transportation: The Era of Early Internal Development, 1800-1860 (1975).

Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 (1977).

Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America (1989).

John D. Majewski, A House Dividing: Economic Development in Pennsylvania and Virginia before the Civil War (2000).

Otto Mayr and Robert C. Post, eds., Yankee Enterprise: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures (1981).

Carol Sheriff, The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress, 1817-1862 (1996).

Richard B. Stott, Workers in the Metropolis: Class, Ethnicity, and Youth in Antebellum New York City (1990).

Christopher L. Tomlins, Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic (1993).

Barbara Tucker, Samuel Slater and the Origins of the American Textile Industry, 1790-1860 (1984).

The Spread of Democracy

Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (1971).

Paul Goodman, Towards a Christian Republic: Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England, 1826-1836 (1988).

Daniel W. Howe, The Political Culture of the American Whigs (1980).

Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (1989).

Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822-1832 (1981).

Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (1990).

Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (1984).

Culture and Society

Gerald J. Baldasty, The Commercialization of News in the Nineteenth Century (1992).

Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760-1900 (1989).

Richard L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (1992).

Kenneth Cmiel, Democratic Eloquence: The Fight over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America (1990).

Patricia Cline Cohen, The Murder of Helen Jewett: The Life and Death of a Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century New York (1998).

Faye E. Dudden, Women in the American Theatre: Actresses and Audiences, 1790-1870 (1994).

Ann Fabian, Card-Sharps, Dream Books, and Bucket Shops: Gambling in Nineteenth-Century America (1990).

Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (1992).

Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870 (1982).

Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (1995).

Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (1983).

John F. Kasson, Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century America (1990).

Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (1988).

Lewis Perry, Boats against the Current: American Culture between Revolution and Modernity, 1820-1860 (1993).

E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (1993).

Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (1990).

Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (1985).

Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (1986).

Alan Taylor, William Cooper's Town: Power and Persuasion on the Frontier of the Early American Republic (1995).

Ronald J. Zboray, A Fictive People: Antebellum Development and the American Reading Public (1993).

Reform and Religion

Robert Abzug, Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination (1994).

R. J. M. Blackett, Building an Antislavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830-1860 (1983).

Ellen Eslinger, Citizens of Zion: The Social Origins of Camp Meeting Revivalism (1999).

Lawrence J. Friedman, Gregarious Saints: Self and Community in American Abolitionism, 1830-1870 (1982).

Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States (1990).

Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism (1996).

Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (1989).

Nancy A. Hewitt, Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822-1872 (1984).

Christine Leigh Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (1997).

Donald M. Jacobs, ed., Courage and Conscience: Black and White Abolitionists in Boston (1993).

Julie Roy Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement (1998).

Paul Johnson, A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (1978).

Katharine Du Pré Lumpkin, The Emancipation of Angelina Grimké (1974).

Steven Mintz, Moralists and Modernizers: America's Pre-Civil War Reformers (1995).

Mary P. Ryan, Cradle of the Middle Class: The Family in Oneida County, New York, 1790-1865 (1981).

Ian Tyrrell, Sobering Up: From Temperance to Prohibition in Antebellum America, 1800-1860 (1979).

Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. Van Horne, eds., The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women's Political Culture in Antebellum America (1994).

Jacksonian Politics

Irving H. Bartlett, John C. Calhoun: A Biography (1993).

Maurice G. Baxter, Henry Clay and the American System (1995).

Donald B. Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (1993).

Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis (1987).

Daniel Feller, The Public Lands in Jacksonian Politics (1984).

William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836 (1965).

Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (1999).

Peter B. Knupfer, The Union as It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787-1861 (1991).

Richard B. Latner, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson: White House Politics, 1829-1837 (1979).

John Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography (1988).

John Niven, Martin Van Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (1983).

Lynn Hudson Parsons, John Quincy Adams (1998).

Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991).

Robert V. Remini, Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time (1997).

Leonard Richards, The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams (1986).

Native Americans

John A. Andrew, From Revivals to Removal: Jeremiah Evarts, the Cherokee Nation, and the Search for the Soul of America (1992).

Theda Perdue, Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700-1835 (1998).

Theda Perdue and Michael D. Green, eds., The Cherokee Removal: A Brief History with Documents (1995).

Michael Paul Rogin, Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian (1975).

Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (1993).

Philip Weeks, Farewell, My Nation: The American Indian and the United States, 1820-1890 (1990).

J. Leitch Wright, The Only Land They Knew: The Tragic Story of the American Indians in the Old South (1981).

Chapter 12. The Free North and West, 1840-1860

General Works

Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, Rude Republic: Americans and Their Politics in the Nineteenth Century (2000).

Stuart Bruchey, Enterprise: The Dynamic Economy of a Free People (1990).

David B. Danbom, Born in the Country: A History of Rural America (1995).

David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (1995).

John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Frontier (1986).

Lori D. Ginzberg, Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United States (1990).

Jon Gjerde, The Minds of the West: Ethnocultural Evolution in the Rural Middle West, 1830-1917 (1997).

Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (1991).

Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America (1989).

The Economy and Free Labor

Howard Bodenhorn, A History of Banking in Antebellum America: Financial Markets and Economic Development in an Era of Nation Building (2000).

Paul G. Faler, Mechanics and Manufacturers in the Early Industrial Revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1780-1860 (1981).

J. Matthew Gallman, Receiving Erin's Children: Philadelphia, Liverpool, and the Irish Famine Migration, 1854-1855 (2000).

Jonathan A. Glickstein, Concepts of Free Labor in Antebellum America (1991).

Brooke Hindle and Steven Lubar, Engines of Change: The American Industrial Revolution, 1790-1860 (1986).

Susan E. Hirsch, Roots of the American Working Class: The Industrialization of Crafts in Newark, 1800-1860 (1978).

Donald R. Hoke, Ingenious Yankees: The Rise of the American System of Manufactures in the Private Sector (1990).

David A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States (1984).

Reeve Huston, Land and Freedom: Rural Society, Popular Protest, and Party Politics in Antebellum New York (2000).

Paul Israel, From Machine Shop to Industrial Laboratory: Telegraphy and the Changing Context of American Invention, 1830-1920 (1992).

Allan Kulikoff, The Agrarian Origins of American Capitalism (1992).

Edward Laxton, The Famine Ships: The Irish Exodus to America (1998).

Bruce Laurie, Working People of Philadelphia, 1800-1850 (1980).

Robert A. Margo, Wages and Labor Markets in the United States, 1820-1860 (2000).

Jonathan Prude, The Coming of Industrial Order: Town and Factory Life in Rural Massachusetts, 1810-1860 (1983).

W. J. Rorabaugh, The Craft Apprentice: From Franklin to the Machine Age in America (1986).

John F. Stover, Iron Road to the West: American Railroads in the 1850s (1978).

Antebellum Culture and Reform

Norman Basch, In the Eyes of the Law: Women, Marriage, and Property in Nineteenth-Century New York (1982).

Stuart Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1790-1900 (1989).

Jeanne Boydston, Home and Work: Housework, Wages, and the Ideology of Labor in the Early Republic (1990).

Ellen Carol DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Suffrage Movement in America, 1848-1869 (1978).

Michael Fellman, The Unbounded Frame: Freedom and Community on Nineteenth Century American Utopianism (1973).

Joseph P. Ferrie, Yankeys Now: Immigrants in the Antebellum United States, 1840-1860 (1999).

Lawrence Foster, Women, Family, and Utopia: Communal Experiments of the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Mormons (1991).

Rhoda Golden Freeman, The Free Negro in New York City in the Era before the Civil War (1994).

Paul Goodman, Of One Blood: Abolitionism and the Origins of Racial Equality (1998).

Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870 (1982).

Debra Gold Hansen, Strained Sisterhood: Gender and Class in the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society (1993).

Nancy A. Hewitt, Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822-1872 (1984).

Leo P. Himel, Children of Wrath: New School Calvinism and Antebellum Reform (1998).

Sylvia D. Hoffert, When Hens Crow: The Woman's Rights Movement in Antebellum America (1995).

James O. Horton and Lois E. Horton, In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860 (1998).

Nancy Isenberg, Sex and Citizenship in Antebellum America (1998).

Joan M. Jensen, Loosening the Bonds: Mid-Atlantic Farm Women, 1750-1850 (1986).

Julie Roy Jeffrey, The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement (1998).

Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780-1860 (1983).

Spencer Klaw, Without Sin: The Life and Death of the Oneida Community (1993).

Henry Mayer, All On Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (1998).

William J. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (1991).

Kerby A. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (1985).

Steven Mintz, Moralists and Modernizers: America's Pre-Civil War Reformers (1995).

John W. Quist, Restless Visionaries: The Social Roots of Antebellum Reform in Alabama and Michigan (1998).

Patrick Rael, Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North (2002).

Mary P. Ryan, Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City during the Nineteenth Century (1998).

Mark S. Schantz, Piety in Providence: Class Dimensions of Religious Experience in Antebellum Rhode Island (2000).

John Stauffer, The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race (2002).

Albert J. Von Frank, The Trials of Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emerson's Boston (1998).

Edward L. Widmer, Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City (1998).

Shirley Yee, Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828-1860 (1992).

Jean Fagan Yellin, Women and Sisters: The Antislavery Feminists in American Culture (1989).

Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. Van Horne, eds., The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women's Political Culture in Antebellum America (1994).

Politics and Expansion

Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints (1979).

Richard A. Bartlett, The New Country: A Social History of the American Frontier, 1776-1890 (1974).

Peter J. Blodgett, Land of Golden Dreams: California in the Gold Rush Decade, 1848-1858 (1999).

William A. Bowen, The Willamette Valley: Migration and Settlement on the Oregon Frontier (1978).

Gene Brack, Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821-1846: An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War (1975).

Yong Chen, Chinese San Francisco, 1850-1943: A Trans-Pacific Community (2000).

Donald E. Chipman, Spanish Texas, 1519-1821 (1992).

Arnoldo De Leon, The Tejano Community, 1836-1900 (1982).

John Mack Faragher, Women and Men on the Overland Trail (1979).

James R. Gibson, Farming the Frontier: The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786-1846 (1985).

William H. Goetzmann, New Lands, New Men: America and the Second Great Age of Discovery (1986).

Thomas R. Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (1985).

Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (1981).

Albert L. Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (1988).

Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (1995).

Julie Roy Jeffrey, Frontier Women: The Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1880 (1979).

David Alan Johnson, Founding the Far West: California, Oregon, and Nevada, 1840-1890 (1992).

Susan Lee Johnson, Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush (2000).

Rudolph M. Lapp, Blacks in Gold Rush California (1977).

Charles J. McClain, In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle against Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century America (1994).

D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on Five Hundred Years of History, vol. 2., Continental America, 1800-1867 (1993).

Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History: A Reinterpretation (1963).

Michael C. Meyer and William L. Sherman, The Course of Mexican History (4th ed., 1991).

David Montejano, Anglos and Mexicans in the Making of Texas, 1836-1986 (1987).

Gregory H. Nobles, American Frontiers: Cultural Encounters and Continental Conquest (1997).

Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1880 (1963).

David M. Pletcher, The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War (1973).

Glenda Riley, The Female Frontier: A Comparative View of Women on the Prairie and the Plains (1988).

Brian Roberts, American Alchemy: The California Gold Rush and Middle-Class Culture (2000).

Malcolm J. Rohrbough, The Trans-Appalachian Frontier (1978).

Joel H. Silbey, The American Political Nation, 1838-1915 (1991).

Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (1979).

John D. Unruh, The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840-1860 (1979).

David J. Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (1982).

Sanford Wexler, ed., Westward Expansion: An Eyewitness History (1991).

The Mexican War

K. Jack Bauer, The Mexican War, 1846-1848 (1974).

Seymout V. Conner and Odie B. Faulk, North America Divided: The Mexican War, 1846-1848 (1971).

John S. D. Eisenhower, So Far from God: The U.S. War with Mexico, 1846-1848 (1989).

Donald S. Frazier, ed., The United States and Mexico at War: Nineteenth-Century Expansionism and Conflict (1998).

Robert W. Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (1985).

Ernest M. Lander Jr., Reluctant Imperialists: Calhoun, the South Carolinians, and the Mexican War (1980).

Ward McAfee and J. Cordell Robinson, eds., Origins of the Mexican War: A Documentary Source Book, 2 vols. (1982).

James M. McCaffrey, Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846-1848 (1992).

Ramon Eduardo Ruiz, ed., The Mexican War: Was It Manifest Destiny? (1963).

Richard Bruce Winders, Mr. Polk's Army: The American Military Experience in the Mexican War (1997).

Chapter 13. The Slave South, 1820-1860

General Works

John B. Boles, The South through Time: A History of an American Region (2nd ed., 1999).

W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (1941).

William J. Cooper Jr. and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History (2nd ed., 1996).

Carl N. Degler, Place over Time: The Continuity of Southern Distinctiveness (1977).

James Oakes, Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South (1990).

The Economy

Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, A Deplorable Scarcity: The Failure of Industrialization in the Slave Economy (1981).

Peter A. Coclanis, The Shadow of a Dream: Economic Life and Death in the South Carolina Low Country, 1670-1920 (1989).

Daniel S. Dupre, Transforming the Cotton Frontier: Madison County, Alabama, 1800-1840 (1997).

Robert W. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery (1989).

Sam B. Hilliard, Atlas of Antebellum Southern Agriculture (1984).

John Majewski, A House Dividing: Economic Development in Pennsylvania and Virginia before the Civil War (2000).

Joseph P. Reidy, From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South: Central Georgia, 1800-1880 (1992).

Larry Schweikart, Banking in the American South from the Age of Jackson to Reconstruction (1987).

Harold D. Woodman, King Cotton and His Retainers: Financing and Marketing the Cotton Crop of the South, 1800-1925 (1968).

Gavin Wright, The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets, and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century (1978).

Slaveholders

Jane T. Censer, North Carolina Planters and Their Children, 1800-1860 (1984).

Catherine Clinton, The Plantation Mistress: Woman's World in the Old South (1982).

Drew G. Faust, James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery (1982).

Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South (1988).

Eugene D. Genovese, The World the Slaveholders Made: Two Essays in Interpretation (1969).

James Oakes, The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders (1982).

Anne F. Scott, The Southern Lady: From Pedestal to Politics, 1830-1930 (1970).

Steven M. Stowe, Intimacy and Power in the Old South: Ritual in the Lives of the Planters (1987).

Michael Tadman, Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South (1989).

Marli F. Weiner, Mistresses and Slaves: Plantation Women in South Carolina, 1830-1880 (1998).

Jeffrey Robert Young, Domesticating Slavery: The Master Class in Georgia and South Carolina, 1670-1837 (1999).

Slaves, Slavery, and Race Relations

General Works

John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South (1972).

John B. Boles, Black Southerners, 1619-1869 (1983).

Carl N. Degler, Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States (1971).

Paul D. Escott, Slavery Remembered: A Record of Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives (1979).

George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (1971).

George M. Fredrickson, The Arrogance of Race: Historical Perspectives on Slavery, Racism, and Social Inequality (1988).

Eugene D. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (1974).

Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1877 (1993).

Leslie H. Owens, This Species of Property: Slave Life and Culture in the Old South (1976).

George P. Rawick, ed., The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography, 41 vols. (1972-1979).

Willie Lee Rose, ed., A Documentary History of Slavery in North America (1976).

Kenneth M. Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Antebellum South (1956).

Sterling Stuckey, Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America (1987).

Important Aspects of Slavery

John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger, Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (1999).

David Barry Gaspar and Darlene Clark Hine, eds., More than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas (1996).

Eugene D. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World (1979).

Herbert G. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925 (1976).

Walter Johnson, Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market (1999).

Ann Patton Malone, Sweet Chariot: Slavery, Family, and Household Structure in Nineteenth-Century Louisiana (1992).

Thomas D. Morris, Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860 (1996).

Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South (1978).

Marie Jenkins Schwartz, Born in Bondage: Growing Up Enslaved in the Antebellum South (2000).

Robert S. Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (1970).

Brenda E. Stevenson, Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South (1996).

William L. Van Deburg, The Slave Drivers: Black Agricultural Labor Supervisors in the Antebellum South (1979).

Richard C. Wade, Slavery in the Cities: The South, 1820-1860 (1964).

Deborah G. White, Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (1985).

State and Local Studies

Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821-1865 (1989).

Margaret W. Creel, "A Peculiar People": Slave Religion and Community-Culture among the Gullahs (1988).

Charles B. Dew, Bond of Iron: Master and Slave at Buffalo Forge (1994).

Douglas R. Egerton, Gabriel's Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802 (1993).

Barbara J. Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century (1985).

John C. Inscoe, Mountain Masters, Slavery, and the Sectional Crisis in Western North Carolina (1989).

Charles W. Joyner, Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community (1984).

Melton A. McLaurin, Celia, a Slave (1991).

Stephen B. Oates, The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner's Fierce Rebellion (1975).

Society and Culture

Edward L. Ayers, Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth Century American South (1984).

Fred Arthur Bailey, Class and Tennessee's Confederate Generation (1987).

Peter W. Bardaglio, Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South (1995).

Ira Berlin, Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (1974).

Charles C. Bolton and Scott P. Culclasure, eds., The Confessions of Edward Isham: A Poor White Life of the Old South (1998).

Dickson D. Bruce Jr., Violence and Culture in the Antebellum South (1979).

Orville Vernon Burton, In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (1985).

Victoria E. Bynum, Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South (1992).

Bruce Collins, White Society in the Antebellum South (1985).

Neil Foley, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (1997).

David R. Goldfield, Cotton Fields and Skyscrapers: Southern City and Region, 1607-1980 (rev. ed., 1989).

Sally E. Hadden, Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas (2001).

Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (1983).

J. William Harris, Plain Folk and Gentry in a Slave Society: White Liberty and Black Slavery in Augusta's Hinterlands (1985).

Christine Leigh Heyrman, Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt (1997).

Samuel C. Hyde Jr., ed., Plain Folk of the South Revisited (1997).

Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South (1984).

Robert C. Kenser, Kinship and Neighborhood in a Southern Community: Orange County, North Carolina, 1849-1881 (1987).

Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 (1984).

Donald G. Mathews, Religion in the Old South (1977).

Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (1995).

Christopher Morris, Becoming Southern: The Evolution of a Way of Life, Warren County and Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1770-1860 (1995).

John Solomon Otto, The Southern Frontiers, 1607-1860 (1989).

Christopher H. Owen, The Sacred Flame of Love: Methodism and Society in Nineteenth-Century Georgia (1998).

Mark M. Smith, Mastered by the Clock: Time, Slavery, and Freedom in the American South (1997).

Mitchell Snay, Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (1993).

Randy J. Sparks, On Jordan's Stormy Banks: Evangelicalism in Mississippi, 1773-1876 (1994).

Christopher Waldrep, Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South, 1817-1880 (1998).

Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (1982).

Politics and Political Culture

Anthony Gene Carey, Parties, Slavery, and the Union in Antebellum Georgia (1997).

William J. Cooper Jr., Liberty and Slavery: Southern Politics to 1860 (1983).

Lacy K. Ford Jr., Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1800-1860 (1988).

Kenneth S. Greenberg, Masters and Statesmen: The Political Culture of American Slavery (1985).

Robert E. May, John A. Quitman: Old South Crusader (1985).

Craig M. Simpson, A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia (1985).

J. Mills Thornton III, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860 (1978).

Elizabeth R. Varon, We Mean to Be Counted: White Women and Politics in Antebellum Virginia (1998).

Peter Wallenstein, From the Slave South to New South: Public Policy in Nineteenth-Century Georgia (1987).

Harry L. Watson, Jacksonian Politics and Community Conflict (1981).

Ralph A. Wooster, The People in Power: Courthouse and Statehouse in the Lower South, 1850-1860 (1969).

Ralph A. Wooster, Politicians, Planters, and Plain Folks: Courthouse and Statehouse in the Upper South, 1850-1860 (1975).

Chapter 14. The House Divided, 1846-1861

General Works

John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic (1995).

Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (1980).

Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (1992).

Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (1999).

Bruce C. Levine, Half Slave and Half Free: The Roots of Civil War (1992).

Stephen E. Mazlish and John J. Kushman, eds., Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840-1860 (1982).

James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1982).

Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union, 2 vols. (1947).

Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, 2 vols. (1950).

Roy F. Nichols, Disruption of American Democracy (1948).

David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861 (1976).

Anne C. Rose, Voices of the Marketplace: American Thought and Culture, 1830-1860 (1995).

Joel H. Silbey, The Partisan Imperative: The Dynamics of American Politics before the Civil War (1985).

Kenneth M. Stampp, ed., The Causes of the Civil War (rev. ed., 1991).

Mark W. Summers, The Plundering Generation: Corruption and the Crisis of the Union, 1849-1861 (1987).

Slavery in the Territories

Paul H. Bergeron, The Presidency of James K. Polk (1987).

Eugene H. Berwanger, The Frontier against Slavery: Western Anti-Negro Prejudice and the Slavery Extension Controversy (1967).

Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (1978).

Paul Finkelman, An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity (1981).

Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (1964).

Michael F. Holt, The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).

Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (1973).

Chaplain W. Morrison, Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy (1967).

Michael A. Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (1997).

James A. Rawley, Race and Politics: "Bleeding Kansas" and the Coming of the Civil War (1969).

Kenneth M. Stampp, America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink (1990).

Gerald W. Wolff, The Kansas-Nebraska Bill: Party, Section, and the Coming of the Civil War (1977).

Northern Sectionalism

Richard H. Abbott, Cotton and Capital: Boston Businessmen and Antislavery Reform, 1854-1868 (1991).

Tyler Anbinder, Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s (1992).

Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (1983).

R. J. M. Blackett, Building an Antislavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830-1860 (1983).

Frederick J. Blue, The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848-1854 (1973).

Stanley W. Campbell, The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860 (1970).

Gary Lee Collison, Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen (1997).

David H. Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (1960).

Robert R. Dykstra, Bright Radical Star: Black Freedom and White Supremacy on the Hawkeye Frontier (1993).

Don E. Fehrenbacher, Prelude to Greatness: Lincoln in the 1850s (1962).

Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (1970).

George B. Forgie, Patricide in the House Divided: A Psychological Interpretation of Lincoln and His Age (1979).

Ronald P. Formisano, The Birth of Mass Political Parties: Michigan, 1827-1861 (1971).

William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (1987).

Thomas F. Gossett, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" and American Culture (1985).

Len Gougeon, Virtue's Hero: Emerson, Antislavery, and Reform (1990).

Susan-Mary Grant, North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era (2000).

David Grimsted, American Mobbing, 1828-1865: Toward Civil War (1998).

Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (1994).

Pamela Herr, Jessie Benton Frémont: A Biography (1987).

Pamela Herr and Mary Lee Spence, eds., The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont (1993).

Robert W. Johannsen, Lincoln, the South, and Slavery: The Political Dimension (1991).

Bruce C. Levine, The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War (1992).

William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (1991).

John R. McKivigan, The War against Proslavery Religion: Abolitionism and the Northern Churches, 1830-1865 (1984).

Thomas D. Morris, Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780-1861 (1974).

Stephen B. Oates, To Purge This Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown (2nd ed., 1984).

Benjamin Quarles, Allies for Freedom: Blacks and John Brown (1974).

James A. Rawley, Race and Politics: "Bleeding Kansas" and the Coming of the Civil War (1969).

Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780-1860 (2000).

Anne C. Rose, Victorian America and the Civil War (1992).

Richard H. Sewell, Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837-1860 (1976).

Thomas P. Slaughter, Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North (1991).

James Brewer Stewart, Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery (1976).

James Brewer Stewart, Wendell Phillips, Liberty's Hero (1986).

Hans L. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans: Lincoln's Vanguard for Racial Justice (1969).

Wendy Hamand Venet, Neither Ballots nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War (1991).

Albert J. Von Frank, The Trials of Anthony Burns: Freedom and Slavery in Emerson's Boston (1998).

Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (1976).

Carol Wilson, Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780-1865 (1994).

Douglas L. Wilson, Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln (1998).

David Zarefsky, Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate (1990).

Southern Sectionalism

William L. Barney, The Road to Secession: A New Perspective on the Old South (1972).

John Barnwell, Love of Order: South Carolina's First Secession Crisis (1982).

Irving H. Bartlett, John C. Calhoun: A Biography (1993).

Tom Chaffin, Fatal Glory: Narciso López and the First Clandestine U.S. War against Cuba (1996).

William J. Cooper Jr., The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828-1856 (1978).

Drew Gilpin Faust, James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery (1982).

Don E. Fehrenbacher, The South and Three Sectional Crises (1980).

Lacy K. Ford Jr., Origins of Southern Radicalism: The South Carolina Upcountry, 1800-1860 (1988).

William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. 1, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 (1990).

Thelma Jennings, The Nashville Convention: Southern Movement for Unity, 1848-1851 (1980).

Vicki Vaughn Johnson, The Men and the Vision of the Southern Commercial Conventions, 1845-1871 (1992).

Robert E. May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854-1861 (1973).

John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (1979).

John Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography (1988).

James Oakes, Slavery and Freedom: An Interpretation of the Old South (1990).

David M. Potter, The South and the Sectional Conflict (1968).

Mitchell Snay, Gospel of Disunion: Religion and Separatism in the Antebellum South (1993).

Ronald T. Takaki, A Pro-Slavery Crusade: The Agitation to Reopen the African Slave Trade (1971).

J. Mills Thornton III, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860 (1978).

Eric H. Walther, The Fire-Eaters (1992).

Secession

William L. Barney, The Secessionist Impulse: Alabama and Mississippi in 1860 (1974).

Walter L. Buenger, Secession and the Union in Texas (1984).

Steven A. Channing, Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina (1970).

Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis (1989).

John Hope Franklin, The Militant South, 1800-1861 (1956).

James L. Huston, The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War (1987).

Michael P. Johnson, Toward a Patriarchal Republic: The Secession of Georgia (1977).

David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (1942).

Kenneth M. Stampp, And the War Came: The North and the Secession Crisis, 1860-1861 (1960).

James M. Woods, Rebellion and Realignment: Arkansas's Road to Secession (1987).

Ralph A. Wooster, The Secession Conventions of the South (1962).

Chapter 15. The Crucible of War, 1861-1865

General Works

Jean Harvey Baker, David Herbert Donald, and Michael F. Holt, The Civil War and Reconstruction (2001).

James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988).

James M. McPherson and William J. Cooper Jr., Writing the Civil War: The Quest to Understand (1998).

Allan Nevins, The War for the Union, 4 vols. (1959-1971).

Roger L. Ransom, Conflict and Compromise: The Political Economy of Slavery, Emancipation, and the American Civil War (1989).

Russell F. Weigley, A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861-1865 (2000).

The Combatants

Michael Barton, Goodmen, the Character of Civil War Soldiers (1981).

Richard E. Beringer et al., Why the South Lost the Civil War (1986).

Gabor S. Boritt, ed., Why the Confederacy Lost (1992).

Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, eds., Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War (1992).

Richard Nelson Current, Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy (1992).

David Herbert Donald, Lincoln (1995).

David Herbert Donald, ed., Why the North Won the Civil War (1960).

Lesley J. Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend (1998).

Randall C. Jimerson, The Private Civil War: Popular Thought during the Sectional Conflict (1988).

Gerald F. Linderman, Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War (1987).

John F. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier's Passion for Order (1993).

James Marten, The Children's Civil War (1998).

William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (1981).

James M. McPherson, What They Fought For, 1861-1865 (1994).

Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds., Religion and the American Civil War (1998).

Reid Mitchell, Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences (1988).

Reid Mitchell, The Vacant Chair: The Northern Soldier Leaves Home (1993).

Mark E. Neely Jr., The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America (1993).

Alan T. Nolan, Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History (1991).

Stephen B. Oates, A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War (1994).

James I. Robertson Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (1988).

James I. Robertson Jr., Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (1997).

Stephen W. Sears, George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon (1988).

Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity, 1822-1865 (2000).

Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (1998).

Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (1995).

Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (1943).

Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (1952).

C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut's Civil War (1981).

Military History

Gabor S. Boritt, ed., Lincoln's Generals (1994).

Bruce Catton, The Centennial History of the Civil War, 3 vols. (1961-1965).

Michael Fellman, Inside War: The Guerilla Conflict in Missouri during the American Civil War (1989).

Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative, 3 vols. (1958-1974).

Joseph T. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond: Sherman's Troops in the Savannah and Carolinas Campaigns (1985).

Mark Grimsley, The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861-1865 (1995).

Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War (1983).

Archer Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat (1992).

Alvin M. Josephy Jr., The Civil War in the American West (1991).

Charles Royster, The Destructive War: William Tecumseh Sherman, Stonewall Jackson, and the Americans (1991).

Steven E. Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War (1995).

Union and Freedom

Herman Belz, Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism during the Civil War Era (1978).

Ira Berlin et al., eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, 4 vols. to date (1982).

David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass's Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (1989).

Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (1987).

LaWanda Cox, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (1981).

Louis S. Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861-1865 (1973).

Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (1990).

Waldo E. Martin Jr., The Mind of Frederick Douglass (1984).

William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (1991).

James M. McPherson, The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted during the War for the Union (1965).

James M. McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (1990).

Clarence L. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (1986).

C. Peter Ripley, ed., Witness for Freedom: African American Voices on Race, Slavery, and Emancipation (1993).

The South at War

Stephen V. Ash, When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861-1865 (1995).

William A. Blair, Virginia's Private War: Feeding Body and Soul in the Confederacy, 1861-1865 (1998).

William J. Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (2000).

Mary A. DeCredico, Patriotism for Profit: Georgia's Urban Entrepreneurs and the Confederate War Effort (1990).

Charles B. Dew, Ironmaker to the Confederacy: Joseph R. Anderson and the Tredegar Iron Works (1966).

Wayne K. Durrill, War of Another Kind: A Southern Community in the Great Rebellion (1990).

Laura F. Edwards, Scarlett Doesn't Live Here Anymore: Southern Women in the Civil War Era (2000).

Paul D. Escott, After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism (1978).

Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (1988).

Drew Gilpin Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (1996).

Noralee Frankel, Freedom's Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi (1999).

William W. Freehling, The South vs. The South: How Anti-Confederate Southerners Shaped the Course of the Civil War (2001).

Ernest B. Furgurson, Ashes of Glory: Richmond at War (1996).

Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (1997).

John C. Inscoe and Gordon B. McKinney, The Heart of Confederate Appalachia: Western North Carolina in the Civil War (2000).

Ervin L. Jordan Jr., Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia (1995).

Robert Tracy McKenzie, One South or Many? Plantation Belt and Upcountry in Civil War-Era Tennessee (1994).

Mark E. Neely Jr., Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism (1999).

John Solomon Otto, Southern Agriculture during the Civil War Era, 1860-1880 (1994).

Philip Shaw Paludan, Victims: A True Story of the Civil War (1981).

George C. Rable, Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (1989).

George C. Rable, The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics (1994).

James L. Roark, Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (1977).

Daniel E. Sutherland, Seasons of War: The Ordeal of a Confederate Community, 1861-1865 (1995).

Emory M. Thomas, The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience (1971).

Emory M. Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861-1865 (1979).

Steven Elliott Tripp, Yankee Town, Southern City: Race and Class Relations in Civil War Lynchburg (1997).

David Williams, Rich Man's War: Class, Caste, and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley (1998).

Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running during the Civil War (1988).

The North at War

Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990).

George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (1965).

Judith Ann Giesberg, Civil War Sisterhood: The U.S. Sanitary Commission and Women's Politics in Transition (2000).

Earl J. Hess, Liberty, Virtue, and Progress: Northerners and Their War for the Union (1988).

Howard Jones, Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War (1999).

Ernest A. McKay, The Civil War and New York City (1990).

James H. Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860-1869 (1978).

Mark E. Neely Jr., The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties (1991).

Philip Shaw Paludan, "A People's Contest": The Union and Civil War, 1861-1865 (1988).

Philip Shaw Paludan, The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1994).

Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War (1997).

Joel H. Silby, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860-1868 (1977).

Chapter 16. Reconstruction, 1863-1877

General Works

David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (2001).

David Herbert Donald, Jean H. Baker, and Michael F. Holt, The Civil War and Reconstruction (2000).

W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction, 1860-1880 (1935).

Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution (1988).

John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction after the Civil War (1961).

James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (3rd ed., 2000).

Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 (1965).

Wartime Reconstruction

Richard H. Abbott, The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy (1986).

Herman Belz, Emancipation and Equal Rights: Politics and Constitutionalism in the Civil War Era (1978).

Louis S. Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861-1865 (1973).

William S. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen (1968).

James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (1964).

Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment (1964).

Brooks D. Simpson, Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861-1868 (1991).

The Meaning of Freedom

James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935 (1988).

Ira Berlin et al., eds., Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, 4 vols. to date (1982-).

Edmund L. Drago, Black Politicians and Reconstruction in Georgia: A Splendid Failure (1982).

Russell Duncan, Freedom's Shore: Tunis Campbell and the Georgia Freedmen (1986).

Barbara J. Fields, Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth Century (1985).

Michael W. Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change during Reconstruction (1989).

Eric Foner, Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy (1983).

Janet Sharp Hermann, The Pursuit of a Dream (1981).

Thomas C. Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (1977).

Peter Kolchin, First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama's Blacks to Emancipation and Reconstruction (1972).

Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (1979).

William E. Montgomery, Under Their Own Vine and Fig Tree: The African-American Church in the South, 1865-1900 (1992).

Lynda J. Morgan, Emancipation in Virginia's Tobacco Belt, 1850-1870 (1992).

Robert Morris, Reading, 'Riting and Reconstruction (1981).

Howard N. Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 (1978).

Roger L. Ransom and Richard Sutch, One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation (1977).

C. Peter Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana (1976).

Julie Saville, The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Laborer in South Carolina, 1860-1870 (1994).

Clarence E. Walker, A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church during the Civil War and Reconstruction (1982).

Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861-1877 (1965).

Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black/White Relations in the American South since Emancipation (1984).

The Politics of Reconstruction

Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (1973).

Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction (1974).

Richard F. Bensel, Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority in America, 1859-1877 (1990).

Michael Kent Curtis, No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights (1986).

Ellen Carol DuBois, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America (1978).

William Gillette, The Right to Vote: Politics and the Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment (1965).

Victor B. Howard, Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860-1870 (1990).

Harold M. Hyman, A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (1973).

Michael L. Lanza, Agrarianism and Reconstruction Politics: The Southern Homestead Act (1990).

William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (1981).

Eric L. McKitrick, Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction (1960).

James C. Mohr, ed., Radical Republicans in the North: State Politics during Reconstruction (1976).

David Montgomery, Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862-1872 (1967).

William E. Nelson, The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine (1988).

James E. Sefton, Andrew Johnson and the Uses of Constitutional Power (1980).

Joel H. Sibley, A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860-1868 (1977).

Hans L. Trefousse, Andrew Johnson: A Biography (1989).

The Struggle in the South

Stephen V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860-1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (1988).

Dwight B. Billings Jr., Planters and the Making of a "New South": Class, Politics, and Development in North Carolina, 1865-1900 (1979).

Randolph B. Campbell, A Southern Community in Crisis: Harrison County, Texas, 1850-1880 (1983).

Dan T. Carter, When the War Was Over: The Failure of Self-Reconstruction in the South, 1865-1867 (1985).

Barry A. Crouch, The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans (1992).

Richard N. Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers: A Reinterpretation (1988).

Jane E. Dailey, Before Jim Crow: The Politics of Race in Post-emancipation Virginia (2000).

Laura F. Edwards, Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction (1997).

Gaines Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat of the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865 to 1913 (1987).

Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (1983).

William C. Harris, Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi (1979).

Elizabeth Jacoway, Yankee Missionaries in the South: The Penn School Experiment (1980).

Jacqueline Jones, Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865-1873 (1980).

Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (2000).

Robert C. Kenzer, Kinship and Neighborhood in a Southern Community: Orange County, North Carolina, 1849-1881 (1987).

Richard G. Lowe, Republicans and Reconstruction in Virginia, 1865-1870 (1991).

Scott Reynolds Nelson, Iron Confederacies: Southern Railways, Klan Violence, and Reconstruction (1999).

Donald G. Nieman, To Set the Law in Motion: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Legal Rights of Blacks, 1865-1868 (1979).

Michael Perman, Reunion without Compromise: The South and Reconstruction, 1865-1868 (1973).

Michael Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869-1879 (1984).

Lawrence N. Powell, New Masters: Northern Planters during the Civil War and Reconstruction (1980).

George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (1984).

Philip N. Racine, ed., Piedmont Farmer: The Journals of David Golightly Harris, 1855-1870 (1990).

James L. Roark, Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (1977).

Crandall A. Shifflett, Patronage and Poverty in the Tobacco South: Louisa County, Virginia, 1860-1900 (1982).

Mark W. Summers, Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid under the Radical Republicans, 1865-1877 (1984).

Allen Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction (1971).

Ted Tunnell, Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862-1877 (1984).

Peter Wallenstein, From Slave South to New South: Public Policy in Nineteenth-Century Georgia (1987).

Michael Wayne, The Reshaping of Plantation Society: The Natchez District, 1860-1880 (1983).

Jonathan M. Wiener, Social Origins of the New South, 1860-1885 (1978).

Sara Woolfolk Wiggins, The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865-1881 (1977).

Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War (1986).

The Collapse of Reconstruction

William Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869-1879 (1979).

Otto H. Olsen, ed., Reconstruction and Redemption in the South: An Assessment (1980).

Ian Polakoff, The Politics of Inertia: The Election of 1876 and the End of Reconstruction (1973).

Terry L. Seip, The South Returns to Congress: Men, Economic Measures, and Intersectional Relationships, 1868-1879 (1983).

John G. Sproat, "The Best Men": Liberal Reformers in the Gilded Age (1968).

Mark W. Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (1993).

Margaret S. Thompson, The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant (1985).

C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (1951).

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